Mu myaka myinshi ishize, abantu benshi bavuga ko ibihugu by’u Burayi byateraniye mu Nama ya Berlin bikagabanya Afurika uko bishakiye, bishushanya imipaka bakoresheje umurongo n’ikaramu, batitaye ku baturage, ubwami cyangwa amateka y’abaturage bahatuye. Iyi mvugo yakwirakwijwe cyane n’abaharanira Ubumwe bwa Afurika (Pan-Africanists), ndetse ikoreshwa nk’ikimenyetso cy’ingaruka mbi z’ubukoloni.
Ariko se koko ni ko byagenze? Ese Afurika yagabanyijwe mu buryo bw’impanuka, cyangwa amateka agaragaza indi shusho?
Inama ya Berlin ntiyagabanije Afurika yose
Inama ya Berlin yabaye hagati ya 1884 na 1885 ntiyari igamije gushushanya imipaka y’ibihugu byose bya Afurika nk’uko abantu benshi babyibwira.
Ahanini yari igamije gushyiraho amategeko yagombaga kugenga uburyo ibihugu by’u Burayi byafataga ubutaka muri Afurika kugira ngo birinde intambara hagati yabyo. Banemeranyije ku ihame ryiswe “effective occupation”, risobanura ko igihugu kitari kwemererwa kwiyitirira agace keretse kibanje kukagenzura no kukayobora mu buryo bugaragara.
Ibyinshi mu mipaka tuzi uyu munsi byashyizweho nyuma y’iyo nama, binyuze mu masezerano hagati y’ibihugu by’u Burayi, ubushakashatsi bwabyo ndetse n’intambara z’ubukoloni zamaze imyaka irenga makumyabiri.
Ese imipaka yashyizweho mu buryo bw’impanuka?
Igisubizo ni oya.
Nubwo hari aho bakoresheje imirongo igororotse, cyane cyane mu butayu bwa Sahara aho batari bazi neza imiterere y’ubutaka, hari ibintu byinshi byatekerezwagaho.
Mu kugena imipaka, abakoloni bakundaga kwita ku:
- imigezi n’ibiyaga;
- imisozi n’ibibaya;
- inzira z’ubucuruzi;
- umutungo kamere;
- inyungu za gisirikare;
- n’uburyo bwo kwirinda amakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu by’u Burayi.
Mu yandi magambo, imipaka ntiyari iyo gushushanya gusa, ahubwo yari ishingiye cyane ku nyungu za politiki n’ubukungu bw’ibihugu byari bikoloniza Afurika.
Ariko se abaturage ba Afurika bo bari bazirikanwe?
Aha ni ho abanenga ubukoloni bafite ishingiro rikomeye.
Mu bihe byinshi, ibihugu by’u Burayi ntibyitaye ku buryo abaturage bari basanzwe babayeho.
Hari aho:
- ubwami bwacibwagamo kabiri;
- ubwoko bumwe bugasigara mu bihugu bitandukanye;
- inzira z’ubucuruzi n’iz’aborozi zikangirika;
- abaturage batari basanzwe babana bagashyirwa mu gihugu kimwe.
Ibi byateje ibibazo byinshi byagiye bigaragara nyuma y’ubwigenge, ndetse bimwe biracyagaragara kugeza n’ubu.
U Rwanda n’u Burundi ni urugero rutandukanye
Nubwo bimeze bityo, si hose abakoloni birengagije imiterere yari isanzweho.
U Rwanda n’u Burundi ni zimwe mu ngero zikomeye zigaragaza ko hari ibihugu byinjiye mu bukoloni bidacagaguwe cyangwa ngo bisenywe nk’ibindi bice byinshi bya Afurika.
Mbere y’ubukoloni, ibi bihugu byombi byari bifite ubwami bukomeye, bufite abami, inzego z’ubuyobozi, ingabo, uburyo bwo gukusanya imisoro ndetse n’imipaka yari isanzwe izwi n’ibihugu bituranye.
Abadage babanje kubishyira muri German East Africa, nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi, Ububiligi buhabwa kubitegeka. Ariko n’ubwo ubutegetsi bw’abakoloni bwahindutse, u Rwanda n’u Burundi byakomeje kubaho nk’ibice bibiri bitandukanye bifite imipaka yabyo hafi uko yari imeze mbere y’ubukoloni.
Mu gihe ahandi muri Afurika ubwami bwinshi bwacibwagamo ibice cyangwa bugahuzwa n’ibindi bihugu, u Rwanda n’u Burundi byo byakomeje kuba ibice byihariye kugeza bibonye ubwigenge mu 1962.
Ibi ntibivuze ko ubukoloni butagize ingaruka zikomeye muri ibyo bihugu. Ahubwo bisobanura ko abakoloni basanze ubwami bufite imiterere ihamye kandi babukoresha mu miyoborere yabo aho kubusenya cyangwa kubugabanya.
Kuki abantu benshi bavuga ko Afurika yagabanyijwe mu buryo bw’impanuka?
Iyi mvugo ifite impamvu zayo.
Icya mbere, abaturage ba Afurika ntibigeze bagishwa inama ku hazaza h’ibihugu byabo.
Icya kabiri, ibyemezo byinshi byafashwe hashingiwe ku nyungu z’ibihugu by’u Burayi aho kwita ku mibereho y’Abanyafurika.
Icya gatatu, hari koko aho imipaka yashyizweho itandukanya abaturage basangiye ururimi, umuco cyangwa amateka.
Ni yo mpamvu iyo mvugo yakomeje kuba ikimenyetso gikomeye cyo kunenga ubukoloni.
Ariko amateka arasaba kureba ibintu mu buryo bwagutse
Abashakashatsi benshi b’amateka muri iki gihe bemeranya ko ukuri kutari ku ruhande rumwe gusa.
Ntabwo Afurika yagabanyijwe mu buryo bw’impanuka gusa, ariko nanone ntibyakozwe hubahirizwa neza amateka n’imiterere y’Abanyafurika.
Ahenshi, abakoloni bubahirizaga ubwami cyangwa imipaka yari isanzweho igihe byabafashaga kugera ku nyungu zabo. Iyo bitabafashaga, bayirengagizaga bagashyiraho indi mipaka iboroheye.
Umwanzuro
Kuvuga ko u Burayi “bwafashe ikaramu bugabanya Afurika uko bwishakiye” ni uburyo bworoshye bwo gusobanura amateka, ariko si ko ibintu byose byagenze.
Ukuri ni uko imipaka ya Afurika yavutse ivanze n’ibintu byinshi: hari aho hubahirijwe ubwami bwari busanzweho, hari aho hakurikijwe imigezi cyangwa imisozi, hari aho hakoreshejwe imirongo igororotse, kandi ahantu henshi icy’ingenzi cyari inyungu z’ibihugu by’u Burayi kurusha iz’abaturage ba Afurika.
U Rwanda n’u Burundi ni ingero zigaragaza ko atari buri gihugu cya Afurika cyaciwe cyangwa cyahinduriwe imiterere n’Inama ya Berlin. Byombi byagumanye ubusugire bwabyo n’imipaka yabyo hafi uko yari imeze mbere y’ubukoloni, nubwo byashyizwe munsi y’ubutegetsi bw’abakoloni.
Bityo rero, gusobanukirwa amateka ya Berlin Conference bisaba kureba ishusho yose, aho kwemera gusa ko byose byabaye mu buryo bw’impanuka cyangwa ko byose byakozwe hubahirizwa amateka y’Abanyafurika. Ukuri guherereye hagati y’izo mpande zombi.
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