Webrwanda Backend

Category: Amateka

  • Ese u Burayi bwagabanyije Afurika mu buryo bw’impanuka? Ukuri ku Nama ya Berlin n’icyo amateka agaragaza

    Ese u Burayi bwagabanyije Afurika mu buryo bw’impanuka? Ukuri ku Nama ya Berlin n’icyo amateka agaragaza

    Mu myaka myinshi ishize, abantu benshi bavuga ko ibihugu by’u Burayi byateraniye mu Nama ya Berlin bikagabanya Afurika uko bishakiye, bishushanya imipaka bakoresheje umurongo n’ikaramu, batitaye ku baturage, ubwami cyangwa amateka y’abaturage bahatuye. Iyi mvugo yakwirakwijwe cyane n’abaharanira Ubumwe bwa Afurika (Pan-Africanists), ndetse ikoreshwa nk’ikimenyetso cy’ingaruka mbi z’ubukoloni.

    Ariko se koko ni ko byagenze? Ese Afurika yagabanyijwe mu buryo bw’impanuka, cyangwa amateka agaragaza indi shusho?

    Inama ya Berlin ntiyagabanije Afurika yose

    Inama ya Berlin yabaye hagati ya 1884 na 1885 ntiyari igamije gushushanya imipaka y’ibihugu byose bya Afurika nk’uko abantu benshi babyibwira.

    Ahanini yari igamije gushyiraho amategeko yagombaga kugenga uburyo ibihugu by’u Burayi byafataga ubutaka muri Afurika kugira ngo birinde intambara hagati yabyo. Banemeranyije ku ihame ryiswe “effective occupation”, risobanura ko igihugu kitari kwemererwa kwiyitirira agace keretse kibanje kukagenzura no kukayobora mu buryo bugaragara.

    Ibyinshi mu mipaka tuzi uyu munsi byashyizweho nyuma y’iyo nama, binyuze mu masezerano hagati y’ibihugu by’u Burayi, ubushakashatsi bwabyo ndetse n’intambara z’ubukoloni zamaze imyaka irenga makumyabiri.

    Ese imipaka yashyizweho mu buryo bw’impanuka?

    Igisubizo ni oya.

    Nubwo hari aho bakoresheje imirongo igororotse, cyane cyane mu butayu bwa Sahara aho batari bazi neza imiterere y’ubutaka, hari ibintu byinshi byatekerezwagaho.

    Mu kugena imipaka, abakoloni bakundaga kwita ku:

    • imigezi n’ibiyaga;
    • imisozi n’ibibaya;
    • inzira z’ubucuruzi;
    • umutungo kamere;
    • inyungu za gisirikare;
    • n’uburyo bwo kwirinda amakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu by’u Burayi.

    Mu yandi magambo, imipaka ntiyari iyo gushushanya gusa, ahubwo yari ishingiye cyane ku nyungu za politiki n’ubukungu bw’ibihugu byari bikoloniza Afurika.

    Ariko se abaturage ba Afurika bo bari bazirikanwe?

    Aha ni ho abanenga ubukoloni bafite ishingiro rikomeye.

    Mu bihe byinshi, ibihugu by’u Burayi ntibyitaye ku buryo abaturage bari basanzwe babayeho.

    Hari aho:

    • ubwami bwacibwagamo kabiri;
    • ubwoko bumwe bugasigara mu bihugu bitandukanye;
    • inzira z’ubucuruzi n’iz’aborozi zikangirika;
    • abaturage batari basanzwe babana bagashyirwa mu gihugu kimwe.

    Ibi byateje ibibazo byinshi byagiye bigaragara nyuma y’ubwigenge, ndetse bimwe biracyagaragara kugeza n’ubu.

    U Rwanda n’u Burundi ni urugero rutandukanye

    Nubwo bimeze bityo, si hose abakoloni birengagije imiterere yari isanzweho.

    U Rwanda n’u Burundi ni zimwe mu ngero zikomeye zigaragaza ko hari ibihugu byinjiye mu bukoloni bidacagaguwe cyangwa ngo bisenywe nk’ibindi bice byinshi bya Afurika.

    Mbere y’ubukoloni, ibi bihugu byombi byari bifite ubwami bukomeye, bufite abami, inzego z’ubuyobozi, ingabo, uburyo bwo gukusanya imisoro ndetse n’imipaka yari isanzwe izwi n’ibihugu bituranye.

    Abadage babanje kubishyira muri German East Africa, nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi, Ububiligi buhabwa kubitegeka. Ariko n’ubwo ubutegetsi bw’abakoloni bwahindutse, u Rwanda n’u Burundi byakomeje kubaho nk’ibice bibiri bitandukanye bifite imipaka yabyo hafi uko yari imeze mbere y’ubukoloni.

    Mu gihe ahandi muri Afurika ubwami bwinshi bwacibwagamo ibice cyangwa bugahuzwa n’ibindi bihugu, u Rwanda n’u Burundi byo byakomeje kuba ibice byihariye kugeza bibonye ubwigenge mu 1962.

    Ibi ntibivuze ko ubukoloni butagize ingaruka zikomeye muri ibyo bihugu. Ahubwo bisobanura ko abakoloni basanze ubwami bufite imiterere ihamye kandi babukoresha mu miyoborere yabo aho kubusenya cyangwa kubugabanya.

    Kuki abantu benshi bavuga ko Afurika yagabanyijwe mu buryo bw’impanuka?

    Iyi mvugo ifite impamvu zayo.

    Icya mbere, abaturage ba Afurika ntibigeze bagishwa inama ku hazaza h’ibihugu byabo.

    Icya kabiri, ibyemezo byinshi byafashwe hashingiwe ku nyungu z’ibihugu by’u Burayi aho kwita ku mibereho y’Abanyafurika.

    Icya gatatu, hari koko aho imipaka yashyizweho itandukanya abaturage basangiye ururimi, umuco cyangwa amateka.

    Ni yo mpamvu iyo mvugo yakomeje kuba ikimenyetso gikomeye cyo kunenga ubukoloni.

    Ariko amateka arasaba kureba ibintu mu buryo bwagutse

    Abashakashatsi benshi b’amateka muri iki gihe bemeranya ko ukuri kutari ku ruhande rumwe gusa.

    Ntabwo Afurika yagabanyijwe mu buryo bw’impanuka gusa, ariko nanone ntibyakozwe hubahirizwa neza amateka n’imiterere y’Abanyafurika.

    Ahenshi, abakoloni bubahirizaga ubwami cyangwa imipaka yari isanzweho igihe byabafashaga kugera ku nyungu zabo. Iyo bitabafashaga, bayirengagizaga bagashyiraho indi mipaka iboroheye.

    Umwanzuro

    Kuvuga ko u Burayi “bwafashe ikaramu bugabanya Afurika uko bwishakiye” ni uburyo bworoshye bwo gusobanura amateka, ariko si ko ibintu byose byagenze.

    Ukuri ni uko imipaka ya Afurika yavutse ivanze n’ibintu byinshi: hari aho hubahirijwe ubwami bwari busanzweho, hari aho hakurikijwe imigezi cyangwa imisozi, hari aho hakoreshejwe imirongo igororotse, kandi ahantu henshi icy’ingenzi cyari inyungu z’ibihugu by’u Burayi kurusha iz’abaturage ba Afurika.

    U Rwanda n’u Burundi ni ingero zigaragaza ko atari buri gihugu cya Afurika cyaciwe cyangwa cyahinduriwe imiterere n’Inama ya Berlin. Byombi byagumanye ubusugire bwabyo n’imipaka yabyo hafi uko yari imeze mbere y’ubukoloni, nubwo byashyizwe munsi y’ubutegetsi bw’abakoloni.

    Bityo rero, gusobanukirwa amateka ya Berlin Conference bisaba kureba ishusho yose, aho kwemera gusa ko byose byabaye mu buryo bw’impanuka cyangwa ko byose byakozwe hubahirizwa amateka y’Abanyafurika. Ukuri guherereye hagati y’izo mpande zombi.

  • Uko Jules César yatsinze Pompée mu Bugereki, nubwo yari afite ingabo nke cyane

    Uko Jules César yatsinze Pompée mu Bugereki, nubwo yari afite ingabo nke cyane

    Mu mateka y’Ingoma y’Abaroma, intambara yabereye mu Bugereki hagati ya Jules César na Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompei) ni imwe mu zahinduye amateka ya Roma. Nubwo Pompei yari afite ingabo nyinshi kandi zifite ibikoresho bihagije, César yagaragaje ubuhanga budasanzwe mu buyobozi bw’intambara bituma atsinda uwo bari bahanganye.

    Intambara yatangiye ite?

    Mu mwaka wa 49 mbere ya Yezu Kristu, Sénat ya Roma yashyigikiye Pompei maze isaba César gusubiza ubutegetsi no gusesa ingabo ze. César yanze kubikora, ahitamo kwambuka umugezi wa Rubicon, ibintu byatangije intambara y’abenegihugu (Civil War).

    Pompei yahisemo kuva mu Butaliyani ajya mu Bugereki, aho yari azi ko azabona inkunga nyinshi z’abasenateri n’abami bo mu Burasirazuba.

    Pompei yari afite imbaraga zimurusha kure

    Mu gihe bombi bahuriraga mu Bugereki, Pompei yari afite abasirikare bagera ku 45,000 b’inkwakuzi n’abarenga 7,000 b’abarwanira ku mafarashi. César we yari afite abasirikare bagera ku 22,000 n’abarwanira ku mafarashi batarengaga 1,000.

    Uretse ubwinshi bw’ingabo, Pompei yari afite ibiribwa byinshi, inkunga y’amafaranga ndetse n’ubwato bwagenzuraga inyanja, ibintu byatumaga benshi bemera ko ari we wari witezwe gutsinda.

    Intambara ya Pharsalus yahinduye amateka

    Ku wa 9 Kanama mu mwaka wa 48 mbere ya Yezu Kristu, ingabo zombi zahuriye ku kibaya cya Pharsalus mu Bugereki.

    Pompei yari yizeye ko abarwanira ku mafarashi be benshi bazazenguruka uruhande rw’ibumoso rwa César maze bagasenya ingabo ze.

    Ariko César yari yarabonye uwo mugambi mbere y’igihe. Yahishe umurongo wa kane ugizwe n’abasirikare batoranyijwe inyuma y’abarwanira ku mafarashi be.

    Ubwo amafarashi ya Pompei yateraga, abo basirikare bahise basohoka batungura umwanzi, batera amacumu n’inkota ku rugamba rwa hafi. Abarwanira ku mafarashi ba Pompei bahise bahunga bafite ubwoba.

    Ibyo byahise bisiga uruhande rw’ibumoso rwa Pompei rudafite ubwirinzi. César yahise ategeka abo basirikare be kugota ingabo za Pompei, maze urugamba ruhinduka mu kanya gato.

    Impamvu nyamukuru zatumye César atsinda

    Nubwo yari afite ingabo nke, César yatsinze kubera impamvu nyinshi zirimo:

    • Gukoresha amayeri y’intambara aho kwishingikiriza ku mubare w’ingabo.
    • Kuba abasirikare be bari bamaze imyaka myinshi barwana hamwe, bityo bakamwizera cyane.
    • Kuba yafashe ibyemezo byihuse mu gihe cy’urugamba.
    • Kuba Pompei yishingikirije cyane ku bwinshi bw’ingabo ze aho gukoresha neza amahirwe yari afite.

    Nyuma y’intsinzi

    Nyuma yo gutsindwa, Pompei yahungiye muri Misiri yizeye ko azahabwa ubuhungiro. Icyakora, agezeyo yiciwe ku mabwiriza y’abajyanama b’Umwami Ptolémée XIII, bashakaga kwiyegereza César.

    Igihe César yageraga muri Misiri akereka umutwe wa Pompei wari watemwe, amateka avuga ko atigeze abyishimira. Ahubwo ngo yararize kubera ko Pompei yari yarigeze kuba inshuti ye ndetse akaba yaranabaye umukwe we.

    Intsinzi ya Pharsalus yahaye Jules César ububasha bwo kugenzura Roma hafi ya yose, iba imwe mu ntambwe zikomeye zamugejeje ku kuba umunyagitugu (Dictator) wa Roma. Nyuma y’imyaka mike, ubutegetsi bwe bwahindutse ishingiro ry’ivuka ry’Ingoma y’Abaroma (Roman Empire), nubwo we ubwe yaje kwicwa n’abasenateri bamushinjaga gushaka kwigira umwami.

  • Impamvu Hannibal Barca atigeze afata Roma nubwo yari hafi yayo

    Impamvu Hannibal Barca atigeze afata Roma nubwo yari hafi yayo

    Mu mateka y’Intambara za Punic, hari abantu benshi bakunze kwitiranya Scipio Africanus na Hannibal Barca. Mu by’ukuri, Scipio Africanus ntabwo yigeze agerageza gufata umujyi wa Roma, ahubwo uwo wari ugeze hafi yo kuwufata ni umujenerali w’Umunyakaritaje witwaga Hannibal Barca.

    Scipio Africanus yari umujenerali w’Abaroma, ndetse ni we warangije atsinda Hannibal mu ntambara ya Zama mu mwaka wa 202 mbere ya Yezu Kirisitu (BC), bituma Roma itsinda Intambara ya Kabiri ya Punic.

    Hannibal ni we wageze hafi ya Roma

    Nyuma yo kwambuka imisozi ya Alpes ari kumwe n’ingabo ndetse n’inzovu z’intambara, Hannibal yatsinze Abaroma inshuro nyinshi zirimo izabereye i Trebia, ku Kiyaga cya Trasimene ndetse n’iya Cannae, ifatwa nk’imwe mu ntsinzi zikomeye mu mateka y’intambara.

    Nyuma y’intsinzi ya Cannae mu 216 BC, inzira igana i Roma yari isa n’ifunguye, bituma benshi bibaza impamvu Hannibal atahise yinjira akigarurira uwo mujyi.

    Impamvu Hannibal atafashe Roma

    1. Yari adafite ibikoresho byo kugota umujyi

    Roma yari ifite inkuta zikomeye cyane ndetse no kwirwanaho kwateguwe neza. Hannibal yari yaratsinze mu mirwano yo mu kibuga, ariko ntiyari afite imashini n’ibikoresho byifashishwaga mu gusenya inkuta cyangwa kugota umujyi igihe kirekire.

    2. Ingabo ze zari zaracitse intege

    Nyuma yo gukora urugendo rurerure anyuze muri Espagne, Ubufaransa no mu misozi ya Alpes, ingabo za Hannibal zari zaratakaje abasirikare benshi. Intambara zikomeye yakomeje kurwana nazo zatumye n’abari basigaye bananirwa.

    3. Yari ategereje ubufasha butigeze bugera

    Hannibal yari yizeye ko Carthage izamwoherereza izindi ngabo n’ibikoresho byo kurangiza intambara. Ariko abayobozi b’iwabo ntibamushyigikiye uko yari abyiteze, bituma abura imbaraga zo kugota Roma.

    4. Roma yanze kwishyikiriza umwanzi

    Nubwo yari imaze gutsindwa inshuro nyinshi, Sena ya Roma yanze kwemera gutsindwa cyangwa gusaba amahoro. Ahubwo yakomeje gushaka abasirikare bashya no gutegura ubwirinzi bw’umujyi.

    5. Uburyo bwa Fabius Maximus

    Umuyobozi w’Abaroma witwaga Quintus Fabius Maximus yahisemo kutarwana intambara zikomeye na Hannibal. Ahubwo yamucagaguraga, akamubuza ibiribwa n’ubufasha, ibintu byatumye ingabo za Hannibal zigenda zigabanuka buhoro buhoro.

    6. Scipio Africanus yahinduye isura y’intambara

    Mu gihe Hannibal yari akiri mu Butaliyani, Scipio Africanus yafashe icyemezo cyo gutera Carthage muri Afurika. Ibi byatumye Hannibal ahamagarwa gutaha kugira ngo arengere igihugu cye.

    Mu mwaka wa 202 BC, bombi bahuriye ku rugamba rwa Zama, aho Scipio Africanus yatsinze Hannibal burundu, bituma Carthage itsindwa Intambara ya Kabiri ya Punic.

    Umwanzuro

    Nubwo Hannibal Barca yageze hafi cyane yo gufata Roma kurusha undi mwanzi wese mu mateka yayo ya kera, kubura ibikoresho byo kugota umujyi, kubura ubufasha buhagije, intege nke z’ingabo ze ndetse n’ubuhanga bw’Abaroma byatumye atabasha kuwigarurira.

    Mu by’ukuri rero, Scipio Africanus ntabwo yananiwe gufata Roma kuko yari Umuroma ubwe. Ahubwo ni we wabaye intwari yarokoye Roma atsinda Hannibal, umwe mu bajenerali bakomeye amateka yigeze agira.

  • Ese Bill Gates Windows yavuye kuri Xerox? Ukuri kuri iyi nkuru imaze imyaka ikwirakwizwa

    Ese Bill Gates Windows yavuye kuri Xerox? Ukuri kuri iyi nkuru imaze imyaka ikwirakwizwa

    Mu myaka myinshi ishize, ku mbuga nkoranyambaga no mu biganiro by’ikoranabuhanga hakomeje gukwirakwizwa inkuru ivuga ko Bill Gates yibye igitekerezo cya Microsoft muri Xerox. Hari n’abavuga ko Microsoft yibye Windows muri Xerox PARC. Ariko se ibyo ni ukuri?

    Xerox PARC ni yo yahinduye amateka ya mudasobwa

    Mu myaka ya 1970, ikigo cya Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) cyakoze ubushakashatsi bwahinduye isi y’ikoranabuhanga. Ni ho havukiye ibitekerezo byinshi birimo:

    • Imigaragarire ikoreshwa n’amadirishya (Graphical User Interface – GUI)
    • Gukoresha imbeba (mouse)
    • Amadirishya menshi kuri ecran (windows)
    • Amashusho n’udushushondanga (icons)
    • Gukoresha Ethernet mu guhuza mudasobwa

    Abashakashatsi benshi bemera ko Xerox PARC ari yo yashyizeho urufatiro rw’imikoreshereze ya mudasobwa tuzi uyu munsi.

    Apple ni yo yabanje kubona ikoranabuhanga rya Xerox

    Mu 1979, Steve Jobs n’abandi bayobozi ba Apple basuye Xerox PARC nyuma y’uko Xerox ishyize amafaranga muri Apple mbere yo kujya ku isoko ry’imigabane (IPO).

    Muri urwo ruzinduko, Apple yeretswe uburyo GUI n’imbeba byakoraga. Steve Jobs yahise abona ko ari bwo buryo bw’ejo hazaza bwa mudasobwa.

    Nyuma y’aho, Apple yatangiye gukora mudasobwa nka Lisa ndetse nyuma yayo Macintosh, zombi zifite GUI ishingiye ku bitekerezo yari yabonye muri Xerox.

    Microsoft yinjiye nyuma

    Mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1980, Microsoft yari isanzwe ikora software ya mudasobwa, cyane cyane MS-DOS.

    Apple yahaye Microsoft akazi ko gukora porogaramu nka Microsoft Word na Excel zizakorera kuri Macintosh. Muri uwo mushinga, abakozi ba Microsoft babonye uburyo GUI ya Apple yakoraga.

    Nyuma y’aho, Microsoft yatangaje umushinga wa Windows, wasohotse bwa mbere mu 1985.

    Ese Bill Gates yibye Xerox?

    Nta gihamya yerekana ko Bill Gates cyangwa Microsoft bibye kode ya Xerox.

    Ahubwo ibyabaye ni uko:

    • Xerox yakoze ubushakashatsi ariko ntiyihutira kubushyira ku isoko.
    • Apple yakuye imbaraga n’ibitekerezo muri Xerox, ibiteza imbere.
    • Microsoft nayo yakuye amasomo kuri GUI ya Apple ndetse inateza imbere uburyo bwayo.

    Abahanga mu mateka y’ikoranabuhanga bavuga ko icyo gihe amategeko arengera ibitekerezo bya software yari atarakomera nk’uko ameze ubu. Ibigo byinshi byafataga ibitekerezo byari byamaze kugaragara, bikabitezaho iterambere.

    Ikirego cya Apple kuri Microsoft

    Mu 1988, Apple yareze Microsoft iyishinja kwigana isura ya Macintosh.

    Urukiko rwaje kwanzura ko byinshi mu bintu Apple yavugaga byari bikubiye mu masezerano yari yaragiranye na Microsoft, ndetse ibindi bikaba bitari ibintu Apple yari ifite uburenganzira bwihariye kuko byari byaraturutse ku bitekerezo rusange bya GUI.

    Microsoft yaratsinze uru rubanza.

    Xerox yo se yakoze iki?

    Ikibazo gikomeye ni uko Xerox ubwayo itigeze ikoresha neza ibyo yari yarahimbye.

    Nubwo yari ifite ikoranabuhanga ryari imbere y’igihe, abayobozi bayo bibanze ku bucuruzi bw’imashini zifotora inyandiko (photocopiers) aho gushora imari mu mudasobwa bwite.

    Ibyo byatumye Apple na Microsoft bafata ayo mahirwe, bakubaka ibigo byabaye bimwe mu bikomeye ku isi.

    Umwanzuro

    Kuvuga ko Bill Gates yibye Microsoft muri Xerox si ukuri.

    Ukuri ni uko Xerox PARC ari yo yaremye ibitekerezo byinshi by’ingenzi byahinduye isi ya mudasobwa. Apple ni yo yabanje kubibona no kubibyaza umusaruro mu buryo bw’ubucuruzi, naho Microsoft iza kubyigiraho ndetse ikabiteza imbere ikora Windows.

    Mu mateka y’ikoranabuhanga, ibi bifatwa nk’urugero rw’uko guhanga udushya bidahagije iyo utabushyize ku isoko. Xerox ni yo yatekereje byinshi mbere y’abandi, ariko Apple na Microsoft ni zo zabihinduye ubucuruzi bw’isi yose.

  • Lucrezia Borgia na Cesare Borgia: Ese koko bari bafite umubano w’ibanga? Ukuri n’ibinyoma byaranze umwe mu miryango yavuzwe cyane mu mateka

    Lucrezia Borgia na Cesare Borgia: Ese koko bari bafite umubano w’ibanga? Ukuri n’ibinyoma byaranze umwe mu miryango yavuzwe cyane mu mateka

    Iyo havuzwe izina Borgia, abantu benshi bahita batekereza uburozi, ubwicanyi, ubutegetsi ndetse n’ibihuha by’ubusambanyi bwavuzwe hagati ya Lucrezia Borgia na musaza we Cesare Borgia. Ariko se, ibyo bihuha byari ukuri cyangwa byari intwaro y’abanzi babo?

    Uyu ni umwe mu migani n’impaka byakomeje kuvugisha isi imyaka isaga 500.

    Umuryango watinywaga n’u Burayi bwose

    Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 15, Rodrigo Borgia yabaye Papa Alexander VI. Kuba yari Papa ariko afite abana benshi byonyine byari impamvu yo kunengwa.

    Mu bana be, Cesare Borgia yari umusirikare n’umunyapolitiki utinyitse, mu gihe Lucrezia Borgia yari azwiho ubwiza, ubwenge n’ubushobozi bwo kugirana imishyikirano ya dipolomasi.

    Aba bombi bakoranaga cyane mu nyungu z’umuryango wa Borgia, ibintu byatumye benshi batangira kubakekaho umubano udasanzwe.

    Ni hehe ibihuha byatangiriye?

    Mu 1497, murumuna wabo Giovanni Borgia yishwe mu buryo butarasobanuka kugeza n’ubu.

    Hari abakekaga ko Cesare ari we wamwishe kugira ngo akomeze inzira ye ya politiki.

    Muri icyo gihe kandi, Lucrezia yakundaga kugaragara hafi ya se na musaza we mu nama z’ibanga n’ibyemezo bya politiki, ibintu byatumye abanzi b’umuryango wa Borgia batangira gukwirakwiza inkuru zivuga ko atari umubano usanzwe w’abavandimwe.

    Nyuma y’uko ishyingiranwa rya mbere rya Lucrezia riseshwe, ibihuha byarushijeho gukwira hose, bamwe bavuga ko yari atwite inda y’umuntu utazwi, abandi bavuga ko se cyangwa musaza we ari bo bayiteye.

    Ese hari ibimenyetso bifatika?

    Nubwo ibyo bihuha byakwirakwijwe cyane, abashakashatsi benshi b’amateka bavuga ko nta kimenyetso cyizewe cyigeze kibyemeza.

    Nta nyandiko y’icyo gihe yizewe yerekana ko Lucrezia na Cesare bagiranye umubano w’urukundo cyangwa w’imibonano mpuzabitsina.

    Ahanini amakuru yaturukaga ku bantu bari abanzi ba Papa Alexander VI cyangwa ku banyapolitiki bashakaga gutesha agaciro umuryango wa Borgia.

    Mu gihe cy’u Butaliyani bwo mu kinyejana cya 15, gukoresha ibihuha nk’intwaro ya politiki byari ibintu bisanzwe.

    “Infans Romanus” – Umwana wasize amayobera

    Kimwe mu bintu byongereye ibyo bihuha ni umwana witwaga Giovanni Borgia, uzwi nka Infans Romanus.

    Papa Alexander VI yasohoye inyandiko ebyiri zitandukanye: imwe ivuga ko uwo mwana ari uwe, indi ikavuga ko ari uwa Cesare.

    Uku kunyuranya kwatumye abantu benshi batangira guhimba ko uwo mwana ashobora kuba yari uwa Lucrezia.

    Ariko kugeza ubu, nta gihamya yizewe yigeze ibigaragaza.

    Lucrezia yari muntu ki?

    Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, Lucrezia yashakanye na Alfonso d’Este maze aba Duchess wa Ferrara.

    Yahindutse umurinzi w’abahanzi, abanditsi n’umuco, yubaka isura itandukanye cyane n’iyo yari yarahawe n’ibihuha.

    Abahanga benshi bo muri iki gihe bavuga ko Lucrezia ashobora kuba yarabaye umwe mu bagore basebejwe cyane n’amatangazo ya politiki yo mu gihe cye.

    Cesare we se?

    Cesare Borgia yakomeje kubaka ingabo zikomeye ndetse aba umwe mu banyapolitiki bateye ubwoba mu Butaliyani.

    Ndetse umwanditsi Niccolò Machiavelli yamufashe nk’urugero rw’umuyobozi ufite ubushobozi mu gitabo The Prince.

    Nubwo Cesare yashinjwaga ubwicanyi bwinshi n’ubugome, nta bimenyetso bifatika byigeze bimuhuza n’umubano w’ubusambanyi na mushiki we.

    Umwanzuro

    Inkuru ivuga ko Lucrezia Borgia na Cesare Borgia bari abasambanyi yakomeje kubaho imyaka myinshi kubera ko ari inkuru ikurura abantu.

    Ariko iyo dusubiye ku nyandiko zizewe z’amateka, dusanga ibyo bihuha bitigeze bibonera gihamya ifatika.

    Abashakashatsi benshi b’iki gihe bemeranya ko bishoboka cyane ko ibyo byari ubukangurambaga bwo guharabika umuryango wa Borgia, wari waragize abanzi benshi kubera imbaraga n’ubutegetsi wari ufite.

    Ni yo mpamvu kugeza n’ubu, ikibazo gikomeza kuba: Ese Lucrezia na Cesare bari koko abakundana mu ibanga, cyangwa amateka yabagize ibitambo by’ibihuha bya politiki? Icyo abahanga bemeranyaho ni uko nta gihamya yizewe yigeze ibyerekana.