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Ku isi hari ubuhanzi n’ubugeni bwinshi nko gushushanya, kubyina, kuvuga imivugo, kubaka, gutera amarangi y’uruvangitirane ndetse n’ubundi buhanzi bwose. Gusa ariko ubuhanzi bwabayeho kuva na kera na kare, ni umuziki.

Nta muntu n’umwe uzi inkomoko y’umuziki kuko buri wese avuka awusanga agapfa akawusiga n’abandi bakavuka bawusanga. Ibi bigaragaza ko umuziki ari kimwe mu bintu byabayeho kuva na kera na kare umuntu yabaho.

Itandukaniro ry’umuziki wa kera n’umuziki wa none, ni uburyo wakorwagamo nk’ibikoresho abawukoraga bakoreshaga, uburyo bawumvagamo, injyana baririmbaga ndetse n’ibindi bitari biri ku rwego ruri hejuru bitewe n’iterambere bari bafite. 

Uko imyaka yagiye iza n’indi igataha, iterambere ryakomeje kwiyongera bituma umuziki ugera kure cyane ndetse abantu bawukora mu buryo bworoshye ugereranyije n’uko abantu ba kera bawukoraga kuko ibikoresho bacurisha injyana, igihe indirimbo imara, ibyuma bifata amajwi byose biri ku rwego rwiza.

Mu myaka ya 2010 na 2020, iterambere ryakomeje kwiyongera bigera ubwo hakorwa ubwenge bw’ubukorano ku buryo nta muntu ukivuna atekereza ibintu byinshi ahubwo ahita yifashisha ubwo bwenge bukorano bukamutekerereza. Byatumye abantu benshi baba abanebwe bigera no gutekereza.

Si ugusubiza ibibazo ubwo bwenge bukorano bubajijwe gusa, Ikoranabuhanga rya AI (AI ni ubwenge bw’ubukorano mu cyongereza ni Artificial intelligence) ryatangiye kugira ingaruka nini cyane ku nganda zikomeye ku isi harimo kuzamura, guteza imbere no guhindura uburyo izo nganda zikora, zitanga umusaruro kandi zigacuruza ibyo zikora / ibicuruzwa ku bantu babigenewe. Umuziki nawo watangiye kugerwa amajanja.

AI isigaye ikoreshwa mu gukora umuziki wumvikana nk’utandukanye nuwakozwe n’abantu. Kugeza magingo aya, ubuhanzi bwakozwe na AI bwatangiye kuba rusange. Mu gihe abahanzi bamwe banenze ikoreshwa rya AI mu muziki, abandi baryakiriye nk’igikoresho gishya cyo guhanga umuziki mwiza. 

Urugero rumwe rwakozwe na AI, ni Holly+ ikora injyana ya pop. Holly+ iraririmba, ikabyina, kandi igasabana n’abafana ku murongo, byose bikaba hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya AI. AI isanzwe ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora indirimbo ndende cyane zo gukoreshwa nk’amajwi yumvikana inyuma y’ibyo umuntu yumvikanisha  cyangwa amajwi asanzwe ariyo ntego yo kumvwa.

Mu gihugu cya Nigeria, batangiye gushaka uburyo AI (Ubwenge bukorano) yatangira gukoreshwa mu muziki mu rwego rwo koroshya imikorere yo mu muziki cyane cyane mu njyana ya Afrobeats ikunzwe hirya no hino ku isi.

Nkasi Eclipse, ni umuhanzi w'umuziki ufite impano nyinshi muri Nigeria wakoze alubumu ya mbere yakozwe na AI iri mu njyana ya Afrobeat yise ‘Infinite Echoes’. Iyi album yayikoze mu buryo bw’umuziki wa kera akaba yarasabye abahanzi bose kwitabira gukoresha AI.

Nkasi yashishikarije abahanzi bagenzi be gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya AI mu gukora umuziki kuko ryaje kuworoshya no gukuraho imvune z’abahanzi harimo ubushobozi bucye, amajoro udasinzira ndetse n’izindi mvune zose.

Nkasi Eclipse yagize ati: 'Natangiye urugendo rwanjye mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga. Nari ndushijeho gushishikazwa no guhuza ubuhanzi n’ikoranabuhanga. Nakoresheje imyaka micye ishize menya ibikoresho by’ibanze bya AI n’uburyo bikoramo. '

Mu mezi macye atambutse, inzu z’imiziki nka Sony na Universal Music batangiye kwiga uburyo hakorwa indirimbo bifashishije AI dore ko ubu buryo bwa AI bwagaragaje ko bushobora gukora amajwi n’amashusho. 

Indirimbo Heart on My Sleeve yanditswe kandi ikorwa n’umuntu ukoresha Tiktok witwa ghostwriter977 ikaba yasohotse muri Mata 2023. Iyi ndirimbo yakozwe na AI ariko ikumvikana mu ijwi rya Drake na Weeknd.

Hashize igihe kirekire urubuga rwa Spotify rutangaje ko rwakuye ku isoko ryarwo indirimbo zirenga ibihumbi zakozwe na AI n’ubwo ahandi zicuruzwa. Nkasi avuga ko abahanzi batari bagira imyumvire y’uko AI yaje ije kubafasha mu kazi kabo kandi izakoroshya.

Abamaze gutera imboni ahazaza h’umuziki n’ikoranabuhanga rya AI, bamaze kubona ko umuziki wakozwe na AI uzakundwa cyane kubera ko umuntu ashobora kuzajya acuranga amagambo ashatse mu ijwi ashatse mu njyana ashatse bitewe n’uko arimo kwiyumva. Ibi bizakora ku nda abahanzi benshi ku isi.

Hari uwahoze ari umukunzi wa Elon Musk ukomoka muri Canada yashyize hanze urubuga rwa Elf.Tech rwemerera umuntu gukora indirimbo ashaka akayumvira mu ijwi ry’uwo mukobwa cyangwa se irye bitewe n’uko abishaka. 

Nkasi Eclipse yatangaje ko yakoze indirimbo zigize album ye yakoresheje AI mu minsi itatu adatanze arenga 500$ bivuze ko gukoresha uburyo bwa AI bidahenze habe na gato kandi biguha ibyo wifuza byose.

Ukoresheje CHATGPT, uru rubuga iyo urusabye kukwandikira indirimbo, rukubaza uko wiyumva nindirimbo ushaka uko imeze hanyuma rukaguha amagambo y’indirimbo. Iyo ayo magambo uyafashe ukayashyira ku rubuga rwa Elf.Tech twabonye ko rwakozwe n’uwahoze ari umukunzi wa Elon Musk, biguhereza indirimbo nziza iri mu ijwi ry’umuntu ushaka nk’uko ghostwriter977 yakoresheje ijwi rya Drake na Weeknd.

Zimwe mu ngaruka AI izagira mu muziki, abahanzi bagiye gusubira ku isuka kuko buri wese afite uburenganzira n’ubushobozi bwo kwikorera indirimbo ye mu magambo ashaka ikindi kandi ni uko umwimerere w’umuziki ugiye gusubira inyuma. 

Ku nshuro ya 35, hizihijwe umunsi mpuzamahanga wahurije imbaga nyamwinshi muri Kigali Convention Center, ahabereye ibiganiro ndetse n'ibikorwa by'imyidagaduro byahurizaga ku kuzamura imyumvire ku bijyanye na Virusi itera SIDA, ndetse no kurebera hamwe icyakorwa kugira ngo intego u Rwanda rwihaye igerweho.

Insanganyamatsiko y'uyu mwaka iragira iti: 'Uruhare rwa buri wese ni ingenzi.' Uyu munsi, witabiriwe n'abayobozi batandukanye barimo Minisitiri w'Ubuzima, umuhuzabikorwa wa UN, umuyobozi wa RRP+ (Umuryango w'Ababana n'Ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA) n'abandi.

Ku ikubitiro, abitabiriye ibirori byo kwizihiza uyu munsi basusurukijwe n'itorero ribyina imbyino gakondo, rimara ku rubyiniro iminota mike cyane bitewe n'uko ibirori byatangiye bitinzeho gato.

Kuri uyu munsi, Inyarwanda yabashije kuganira na bamwe mu bita ku bantu babana n'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA, basobanura ko icyo bakora ari ukubafasha kwiyakira bakagarura icyizere cy'ubuzima.

Icyibanzweho cyane ni ukurebera hamwe icyakorwa ngo ikibazo cy'abakiri bato bakomeje kwandura SIDA ari benshi gishobore kubonerwa umuti. Ni muri urwo rwego hatangajwe ko ubukangurambaga ku bijyanye no kwirinda bukomeje cyane cyane mu rubyiruko.

Muneza Sylvie, umuyobozi w'umuryango w'ababana n'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA washinzwe mu 2003, yatanze ubuhamya, avuga ukuntu RRP+ yaje igakemura ibibazo byinshi birimo ihezwa n'akato byakorerwaga ababana n'ubwandu, kwigunga n'ibindi byateraga imfu nyinshi.

Ikindi kibazo cyakemutse, ni icy'ababyeyi babyaraga abana bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. Ubu birashoboka cyane ko umubyeyi aba asanzwe abana n'ubwandu ariko yakurikiza amabwiriza ya muganga akabyara umwana utanduye.

Muri ibi birori kandi, itsinda rya Malayika rigizwe n'urubyiruko ryakinnye umukino nyigisho bise 'Ideal Worl,' umukino wari ukubiyemo ubutumwa bwo gusaba buri wese kugira uruhare mu kuzamura imyumvire, no kurushaho gushishikarira kugira ubumenyi bwisumbuye ku bijyanye n'agakoko gatera SIDA.

Ozania Ojelo waje ahagarariye UN yavuze ko u Rwanda rukomeje guhamiriza isi yose ko bishoboka cyane ko SIDA yashyirwaho iherezo ntihongere kumvikana abahitanwa nayo. Yashimiye icyerekezo u Rwanda rwihaye cyo kuba nta murwayi wa SIDA ukirangwa mu gihugu mu 2030.

Uyu muyobozi kandi yavuze ko kimwe mu bikwiye kwishimirwa u Rwanda rwagezeho, ari uko mu myaka 14 ishize rwashoboye kugabanya ubwandu ku kigero cya 70%.

Minisitiri w'Ubuzima, Dr.Sabin Nsanzimana yatangaje ko nubwo ubwandu bwagabanutse ku kigero gishimishije, urugamba rwo guhangana n'iki cyorezo rugikomeje kuko hari abagihitanwa na cyo.

Ati: 'Ikibabaje ni uko urubyiruko aribo bagize umubare munini w'abandura SIDA.'

Yatangaje ko hakomeje gutekerezwa ku ngamba zo gukumira iki cyorezo mu rubyiruko cyane ko aribo bayobozi b'igihugu b'ejo hazaza. Yongeyeho ko kandi nk'uko hatewe intambwe ababana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA bakaba bafata ikinini kimwe ku munsi, binashoboka cyane ko hashyirwaho ubundi buryo bworoshye bwo gufata iyi miti igabanya ubukana.

Umuyobozi w'ishami rishinzwe kurwanya SIDA muri RBC, Dr Ntazirikuzo yavuze ko mu Rwanda hagaragara 3% y'abahatuye bafite hagati y'imyaka 15-49 bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA, ndetse  ko igipimo cy'ubwandu bushya gihagaze kuri 0.08%, harimo urubyiruko rungana na 35%.

Dr. Ntazirikuzo yakomeje avuga ko kugeza ubu, abarenga 95% mu bamenye ko bafite ubwandu bafata imiti neza, naho 90% muri bo, imiti iri kubafasha kugabanya ubukana.

Yagize ati: 'Tugereranije no mu myaka 20 ishize, ubwandu bushya bugenda bugabanuka. Ariko nubwo bugabanuka, kera twagiraga abantu bakuru bandura kurusha urubyiruko ariko ubu bisa nk'ibyahindutse urubyiruko nirwo rwandura cyane kurusha abakuru.'

Mu rwego rwo kwizihiza uyu munsi kandi, hatanzwe ibihembo ku bigo nderabuzima byitwaye neza mu byiciro bitandukanye birimo abagabanyije virusi mu maraso ku rugero zitagaragara, abahize abandi mu gufasha ababyeyi bafite virusi itera SIDA kubyara abana batayifite, abafataga imiti bagakomeza kuyifata neza batayicikirije ndetse n'ibigo nderabuzima bifite umubare munini w'abantu bagiye kubyipimishaho.

Mu Mujyi wa Kigali, hahembwe ikigo nderabuzima cya Kabusunzu, mu Burasirazuba hahembwa ikigo nderabuzima cya Kibungo, mu Burengerazuba hashimwa ikigo nderabuzima cya Kayove, ikigo nderabuzima cya Nyamagabe nicyo cyahawe ikimenyetso cy'ishimwe mu Majyepfo, naho mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru hashimwa ikigo nderabuzima cya Muhoza.

U Rwanda rwizihije uyu munsi tariki 30 Ugushyingo mu cyimbo cy'iya 01 Ukuboza, ruri mu bihugu bitanu bya Afurika byateye intambwe ishimishije mu kwesa umuhigo wa UNAIDS uzwi nka 95-95-95, aho 95% by'abafite virusi itera Sida bipimishije, 97.5% muri bo bakaba bari ku miti igabanya ubukana, naho 98 by'abari ku miti bakaba bafite virusi zagabanyutse bihagije.

Muri Kigali Convention Center hizihirijwe umunsi mpuzamahanga wo kurwanya Sida

Ibyishimo byari byose ku bitabiriye ibirori byo kwizihiza uyu munsi

Abatumva Icyongereza bari bashyiriweho uburyo bwo gukurikira gahunda yose mu Kinyarwanda 

Abitabiriye bizihiwe

Buri wese yashishikarijwe kugira uruhare mu kurwanya ubwandu bushya bwa virusi itera Sida

Umusangiza w’amagambo, Dr Vanessa

Muneza Slyvie yatanze ubuhamya ko yigeze gusigarana umusirikare umwe n’ibiro 20, akimenya ko yanduye Sida

Itsinda rya Malayika bakinnye umukino wageze ku mitima y’abari bicaye aho bose

Wari ukubiyemo ubutumwa buvuga ko abanyarwanda nibafatanyiriza hamwe Sida izaranduka burundu

Hishimiwe intambwe nziza u Rwanda rwagezeho

Bamwe bahawe ibimenyetso by’ishimwe kubera ko babaye intashyikirwa

Ni umunsi witabiriwe n’abayobozi baturutse mu nzego zinyuranye

Kanda hano urebe andi mafoto menshi yaranze umunsi mpuzamahanga wo kurwanya Sida

AMAFOTO: Ngabo Serge – InyaRwanda.com

Mu gihe habura iminsi 31 gusa ngo umwaka wa 2023 ushyirweho akadomo, hasohotse urutonde rugaragaza abahanzi nyafurika bazamuye umuziki wo kuri uyu mugabane bakawugeza i mahanga mu 2023. Uru rutonde rwakozwe na Global Citizen.

Globol Citizen yakoze uru rutonde ni nayo yifatanije na Move Africa mu gutegura igitaramo kizaririmbamo umuraperi Kendrick Lamar muri BK Arena ku itariki 06 Ukuboza, mu cyo bise ‘Move Afrika: Rwanda, A Global Citizen Experience’.

Global Citizen yatangaje ko mu 2023 abahanzi nyafurika muri rusange bitwaye neza mu ruhando mpuzamahanga, gusa harimo 6 babashize no guca uduhigo mu bihugu bitandukanye bo hanze ya Africa.

Abahanzi 6 bazamuye umuziki nyafurika ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu 2023 ni aba bakurikira:

1. Burna Boy

Damini Ogulu wamamaye nka Burna Boy mu muziki, niwe uza ku isonga mu bahanzi bazamuye umuziki nyafurika ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Uyu muhanzi wibitseho igihembo cya Grammy ndetse unahabwa amahirwe yo kuzongera gutwara ikindi mu bihembo bya Grammy Awards 2024, ngo umwaka wa 2023 waramuhiriye.

Burna Boy wiyise ‘African Giant’, muri uyu mwaka niho yaciye agahigo ko kuzuza sitade ya ‘London 02 Arena’ yo mu Bwongereza, aba umuhanzi wa mbere wo muri Africa ubikoze. Uyu muhanzi kandi indirimbo ze zirimo nka ‘Last Last’ zaciye ibintu ku mbuga zicuruza umuziki, ndetse na alubumu aherutse gusohora yise ‘I Told Them’, iri mu zihagaze neza ku rwego mpuzaamahanga.

2. Davido

Uyu muhanzi David Adedeji Adeleke uzwi cyane nka Davido, uherutse mu Rwanda mu bihembo bya Trace Awards 2023, niwe uri ku mwanya wa Kabiri. Uyu mwaka wa 2023 Davido ngo yongeye kugaruka mu muziki mu isura nshya nyuma y’igihe yari amaze adasohora ibihangano bishya.

Kuva muri Werurwe yasohora album yise ‘Timeless’ iriho indirimbo zikunzwe nka ‘Unvailable’ yakoranye na Musa Keys hamwe na ‘Feel’, byatumye aca uduhigo turimo nko kuba izi ndirimbo ze zaragiye ziza mu myanya ya mbere ku ntonde z’indirimbo zikunzwe zirimo nka ‘US Charts’.

Muri uyu mwaka kandi Davido yagiye akora ibitaramo bikomeye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za  Amerika ndetse anahabwa itariki yo kumwizihizaho yiswe ‘Davido Day’ mu mijyi ibiri yo muri Amerika. Uyu muhanzi nawe uhabwa amahirwe yo kuzegukana Grammy ye ya mbere muri Gashyantare ya 2024, ngo asize 2023 atumiwe mu biganiro bikomeye birimo nka ‘The Jimmy Fallon Show’, ‘The Kelly Clarkson Show’ aho yabashije no kuririmbamo indirimbo zigize album ya ‘Timeless”.

3. Tyla

Umuhanzikazi Tyla Laura Seethal, wavukiye mu mujyi wa Johannesburg muri Afurika  y’Epfo ari mu bahanzi nyafurika bazamuye umuziki mu 2023 ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Indirimbo ye ‘Water’ yaciye ibintu kuva ku mbuga zirimo nka Tik Tok kugeza igeze ku mwanya wa 21 ku rutonde rwa Billboard 100 Chart rujyaho indirimbo 100 zikunzwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga.

Ku myaka 21 gusa Tyla, agiye kurangiza umwaka wa 2023 ayoboye abahanzikazi bumviswe cyane ku rubuga rwa ‘Spotify’ nyuma y’uko iyi ndirimbo ye ‘Water’ benshi bakomeje kuyumvira kuri uru rubuga. Tyla ufata icyitegererezo kuri Rihanna, akaba nawe ari mubahanzi bahatanye mu bihembo bya ‘Grammy Awards 2024’ akaba abihatanye mu gihe gito gusa amaze mu muziki.

4. Black Sherif

Mohammed Ismail Sherif uzwi nka Black Sherif, ni umuraperi wo mu gihugu cya Ghana uru mu bagezweho muri iki gihe. Uyu musore benshi bazi ku izina rya ‘Blacko’ aherutse kwegukana igihembo cya ‘BET Awards’ cy’umuraperi mwiza w’umwaka ku rwego mpuzamahanga.

Global Citizen yatangaje ko Black Sherif amaze imyaka 2 yereka Isi ko muri Afurika  naho hari abaraperi bashoboye dore ko anazwiho ubuhanga bwo kwandika indirimbo zinyura benshi. Indirimbo ze zakunzwe zirimo nka ‘First Sermon’, ‘Second Sermon’ yanasubiranyemo na Burna Boy, hamwe na ‘Kwaku The Traveller’ yatumye yamamara ku rwego mpuzamahanga.

Black Sherif w’imyaka 21, nyuma yo gusohora album yise ‘The Villain I Never Was’, aherutse guca agahigo ko kuba umuhanzi wa mbere wo muri Ghana waririmbye mu gitaramo cya ‘Wireless Festival in the UK’ cyabereye mu Bwongereza. Muri uyu mwaka kandi Black Sherif yanaririmbye mu bihembo bya MOBO Awards.

5. Rema

Umuhanzi Divine Ikubor wamamaye nka Rema, ukomoka muri Nigeria, nawe umwaka wa 2023 yawigaragajemo ndetse ibihangano bye bimenyekana ku rwego mpuzamahanga byose abikesha indirimbo ye yakunzwe yitwa ‘Calm Down’.

Iyi ndirimbo yatumye Rema yandika amateka kandi yaje kurushaho kwamamara ubwo yayisubiranagamo n’icyamamarekazi Selena Gomez. Yatumye Rema ahita aba umuhanzi nyafurika wa mbere ufite indirimbo yamaze igihe kirekire ku rutonde rwa ‘Billboard 100 Chart’ dore ko yarumazeho ibyumweru 57 ihita iba indirimbo ya mbere icuranze mu njyana nyafurika itinze kuri uru rutonde.

Muri uyu mwaka kandi Rema w’imyaka 23 y’amavuko, yongeye guca agahigo ubwo yabaga umuhanzi nyafurika wa mbere uririmbye mu birori bya ‘Ballon d’Or’ byari bibaye ku nshuro ya 67. Muri ibi birori kandi yaririmbyemo indirimbo ye ‘Calm Down’ ihagurutsa ba kizigenza mu mukino wa Football barimo na Lionel Messi wanegukanye iki gihembo.

6. Amaarae

Umuhanzikazi Ama Serwah Genfi umaze kumenyekana ku izina rya Amaarae mu muziki, ni umuhanzikazi akaba n’umwanditsi w’indirimbo ukomoka muri Ghana. Uyu mwaka wa 2023 niwo yamenyekaniyemo ku rwego mpuzamahanga nyuma yo gusohora album yise ‘Fountain Baby’.

Indirimbo ze zakunzwe muri uyu mwaka zirimo nka ‘Wasted Eyes’, ‘Co-Star’ ‘Reckless & Sweet’. Global Citizen yatangaje ko ikintu cyihariye kuri Amaarae atandukaniyeho n’abandi bahanzi nyafurika ngo ni uko usanga benshi muribo bakora injyana nka Afro Beat cyangwa Amapiano gusa ngo we akora R&B hamwe na Pop.

Ibi kandi byamufashije gukundwa dore ko afite indirimbo 3 mu ndirimbo 10 zumvishwe cyane kuri Apple Music: Ghana, ndetse muri uyu mwaka yabashije gukora ibitaramo bikomeye mu bihugu by’u Burayi birimo u Bwongereza,  u Budage hamwe n’u Bufaransa.

Guhera taliki 1 kugeza ku ya 10 Nzeri 2024 ni bwo mu Rwanda hazabera imikino y’igikombe cy’Isi cy’abakanyujijeho, biteganyijwe ko kizitabirwa n'abanyabigwi 150 baturutse mu bihugu 40, bagabanyije mu makipe umunani azakina imikino 20.

Kuri uyu wa Kane ni bwo hatangajwe bamwe mu bakinnyi ba mbere bazakitabira barimo n’umunyabigwi w’ikipe y’igihugu y’u Rwanda “Amavubi” Jimmy Gatete wanayifashije kubona itike y’igikombe cy’Afuruka cya 2004..

Muri abo bakinnyi batangajwe kandi harimo na Ronaldinho wegukanye Ballon d’Or ya 2005 ndetse akaba yarananyuze mu makipe akomeye arimo Paris Saint-Germain, FC Barcelona na AC Milan.

Usibye ibyo, kandi uyu mukinnyi nawe ku giti ke yabyemeje avuga ko azaba ari mu Rwanda nk’uko bigaragara mu mashusho yashyizwe ku mbuga nkoranyambaga z’iki gikombe cy’Isi cy’abakanyujijeho.

Iyi mikino izaba ibera mu Rwanda ari nako Visit Rwanda izaba ari umufatanyabikorwa wayo ndetse no mu magambo Ronaldinho yavuze nayo irimo.

Ni ubwa mbere igikombe cy'Isi cy'abakanyujijeho kizaba kibereye ku mugabane wa Afurika, kuko ibindi bikombe biheruka gukinwa byabereye ku mugabane w'i Burayi

Ronaldinho ufatwa nk’umunyabigwi w’umupira w’amaguru muri rusange yemeje ko mu mwaka utaha azaba ari mu Rwanda

Ronaldinho wakiniye ikipe y’igihugu ya Brazil akanayihesha ibikombe bitandukanye birimo n’igikombe cy’Isi cya 2002