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Iri gabanuka ariko ntabwo ryakomye mu nkokora ubucuruzi bwaryo ku rwego rw’Isi, kuko kuva mu 2012, ubu bucuruzi bwazamutse ku kigero cya 2,5% ndetse bukazakomeza kuzamuka kuri iki kigero kugera mu 2025, aho buzaba bubarirwa agaciro ka miliyari 888$.

Kugira ngo ubucuruzi bw’itabi bukomeze butere imbere, nyamara amasoko y’u Burayi na Amerika atagifite inyota yo kugura no gukoresha itabi, byasabye ibigo n’inganda zikora itabi guhindura umuvuno, zerekeza amaso ku bindi bihugu byiganjemo Afurika, Amerika y’Epfo na Aziya.

Mu gihe umubare w’abakoresha itabi ugabanuka mu bihugu biteye imbere, mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere byo muri Afurika na Aziya, ho biyongereyeho 11,8% kuva mu 2005. Ibi bituma abarenga 70% muri miliyari 1,1 z’abanywi b’itabi ku Isi, baherereye muri ibyo bice.

Kimwe mu bigo byateye intambwe ikomeye mu kwiyegereza isoko rya Afurika, ni ikizwi nka British American Tobacco Plc (BAT), cyihariye 12,2% by’ubucuruzi bw’itabi ku Isi. Iki kigo cyatangiye mu 1902, gifite amashami mu bihugu birenga 170 ku rwego rw’Isi, birimo n’u Rwanda aho gifite ikigo cya BAT Rwanda.

Kuva ahagana mu 1990, ubwo umubare w’abakoresha itabi watangira kugabanuka mu bihugu byateye imbere, iki kigo cyatangiye gushyira imbaraga mu kwinjira ku isoko rya Afurika, nk’ahantu hari amahirwe y’iterambere ku hazaza h’iki kigo.

Iby’umugambi wo kwinjira ku isoko rya Afurika byagarutsweho na Barry Bramley wahoze ari Umuyobozi Mukuru wa BAT, wigeze kuvuga ko “Isoko rya Afurika ryitezweho kuzakomeza kuzamuka […] BAT ikwiye gufatirana ayo mahirwe y’iyaguka ry’isoko rya Afurika.”

Ishusho y’ubucuruzi bw’itabi mu Rwanda

Mu Rwanda, imibare y’Ikigo gitanga amakuru ku bijyanye n’itabi, Tobacco Atlas yo mu 2015 igaragaza ko nibura abantu barenga ibihumbi 300 biganjemo abagabo banywa itabi buri munsi.

Iki kigo kigaragaza ko mu bantu b’igitsina gabo bafite imyaka 15 gusubiza hejuru abanywa itabi baba bari ku kigero cya 12,4%.

Igaragaza kandi ko mu 2014 u Rwanda rwari rufite umusaruro w’itabi ubarirwa muri toni eshanu ndetse ko 0,24% by’ubutaka bwo guhingwaho bwari buhinzeho itabi.

Imibare y’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibarurishamibare igaragaza ko mu gihembwe cya mbere cy’umwaka wa 2019, u Rwanda rwatumije mu mahanga ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro ka miliyoni 708,67$, byarimo n’ibinyobwa n’itabi bifite agaciro ka miliyoni 6,42$.

Iyi mibare kandi igaragaza ko mu 2016 u Rwanda rwatumije mu mahanga itabi rifite agaciro ka miliyari 3.138 Frw.

Mu bihugu u Rwanda rukuramo itabi ryinshi harimo Kenya, Zimbabwe, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo, Uganda na Tanzania.

Mu 2017, u Rwanda rwatumije mu bihugu nka Kenya, Zimbabwe na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo itabi rifite agaciro ka miliyari 2.985 Frw. Mu 2018 aya mafaranga yariyongereye yikuba hafi kabiri agera kuri miliyari 4.048Frw.

Mu 2019 agaciro k’itabi u Rwanda rutumiza mu mahanga kageze kuri miliyari 3.578 Frw, mu 2020 kagera kuri miliyari 3.578 Frw.

Uretse kuba itabi riri mu bintu byinjizwa cyane mu gihugu, riri no mu byinjiriza u Rwanda amafaranga menshi yaba ari avuye mu ryo rwohereza mu mahanga cyangwa iryo rukura mu mahanga narwo rukarigurisha ibindi bihugu.

Mu 2019, rwohereje mu mahanga itabi n’ibinyobwa bifite agaciro k’ibihumbi 480$, mu gihe rwinjije miliyoni 5,16$ avuye mu itabi n’ibinyobwa rwagurishije mu mahanga ariko narwo rwabikuye mu bindi bihugu.

Mu bihembwe bitatu by’umwaka wa 2020, ubucuruzi nk’ubu bw’itabi n’ibinyobwa bwinjirije igihugu miliyoni 2.66$.

Ubucuruzi bw’itabi mu Rwanda ahanini bukorwa n’Ikigo Mpuzamahanga cy’Abongereza, British American Tobacco (BAT), gikora ubwoko butandukanye bw’itabi ririmo irizwi cyane mu Rwanda nk’Intore, Dunhill, Impala na SM.

Nubwo itabi ari igihingwa kibyara amafaranga ku bagihinga n’abagicuruza ariko rigira ingaruka ku buzima bw’abantu barinywa cyangwa uwegereye aho barinywera.

Ni muri urwo rwego hashyizweho itegeko rigamije ahanini kurengera ubuzima bw’abatarinywa, kumenyekanisha ububi bwaryo n’ibirikomokaho, gushishikariza abarinywa kurireka, gushyiraho uburyo abarinywa n’abaricuruza bagomba kwitwara bitabangamiye ubuzima rusange bw’abaturage n’ibindi. Mu Rwanda birabujijwe ko rinyobwa n’umwana uri munsi y’imyaka 18.

Amategeko y’u Rwanda ateganya ko amasegereti acuruzwa ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu adashobora kugira ibipimo birenze ibi bikurikira: mg 15 ya “goudron” ku isegereti; mg 1,5 ya “nicotine ” ku isegereti na mg 15 ya “monoxide de carbone” ku isegereti.

Uburyo BAT yigaruriye amasoko arimo n’iry’u Rwanda

Kugira ngo iki kigo kibashe kwigarurira isoko ry’itabi ku Mugabane wa Afurika, byasabye gikora ibirenze ibyo cyemererwa n’amategeko.

Raporo y’Umuryango STOP ukurikirana ubucuruzi bw’itabi ku rwego rw’Isi, yatangaje ko BAT yagize imyitwarire idasanzwe mu bihe bitandukanye, irimo gutanga ruswa, kubangamira ibindi bigo bicuruza itabi mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, kurenga ku mabwiriza y’ubuzima agenga imikoresheze y’itabi n’ibindi bitandukanye.

Iyi raporo yerekana ko iki kigo cyakoresheje uburyo bunyuranye mu bihugu 13, kugira ngo gikomeze kiyobore isoko ry’itabi muri Afurika. Nko mu Rwanda, ubwo Leta yari mu mugambi wo gushyiraho amabwiriza mashya agenga ikoreshwa ry’itabi, BAT yishyuye umuntu utatangajwe ibihumbi 20$ kugira ngo ayifashe kubona amakuru ari mu nyandiko y’ayo mabwiriza itari yagashyirwa hanze.

Amakuru avuga ko uwo muyobozi yemeye ayo mafaranga, ariko agahakana ko ayo mafaranga yari afitanye isano n’itabi. BAT Rwanda isanzwe ari cyo kigo cyihariye igice kinini cy’isoko ry’itabi mu Rwanda, aho bikekwa ko abarenga 12% by’abaturage banywa itabi mu buryo buhoraho.

Muri rusange, imibare y’abakoresha itabi mu Rwanda iri hasi ugereranyije n’impuzandengo y’ibindi bihugu biri muri Afurika. Muri rusange abantu barenga ibihumbi 500 bakoresha itabi buri munsi mu Rwanda, mu gihe abagera ku 2100 bicwa n’ingaruka zaryo buri mwaka.

U Rwanda ruhomba miliyari 4,3 Frw mu buvuzi bw’ingaruka z’itabi ndetse n’igihombo giterwa n’uko abarinywa badatanga umusaruro bagakwiye kuba batanga, dore ko ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko kunywa itabi bigabanya imyaka 10 ku gihe gisanzwe umuntu yari kuzamara ku Isi.

Uretse gucuruza itabi, BAT ikoresha u Rwanda mu bucuruzi bw’itabi mu bindi bihugu biri hafi yarwo, birimo u Burundi, ibyo bikaba imwe mu mpamvu iki kigo gishora akayabo mu kumenya icyo Leta itekereza ku ikoreshwa ry’itabi mu Rwanda.

Muri rusange, ibikorwa binyuranyije n’amategeko byakozwe na BAT byakorewe mu bihugu birimo u Burundi, Ibirwa bya Comores, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Sudani, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Afurika y’Epfo n’u Rwanda. Amafaranga yakoreshejwe arenga ibihumbi 601$, mu bikorwa bigera kuri 236.

Afurika ikwiye guhaguruka

Bamwe mu basanzwe bakurikirana ubucuruzi bw’itabi ku rwego mpuzamahanga, batangaje ko Umugabane wa Afurika wahawe imbaraga n’ibigo bicuruza itabi kubera uburyo ufite abantu bato, bafite amahirwe yo kuzaba abakiliya b’itabi b’ejo hazaza.

Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko nibura ku bantu bashya bahinduka abanywi b’itabi, 89% baba baratangiye kurinywa bari munsi y’imyaka 25, bishimangira ko iyo umuntu atangiye kurinywa akiri muto, ari nako yongera ibyago byo guhinduka umunywi waryo burundu.

Uyu mugabane kandi uracyarangwamo ruswa ku rwego rw’ubuyobozi no ku rwego rw’umuntu ku giti cye, ibituma ibigo bicuruza itabi byoroherwa no gutanga ruswa, nabyo bigahabwa uburenganzira bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ibyifuzo byabo bijyanye no kwigarurira isoko rya Afurika.

Hari kandi n’amakuru yakunze kugaragaza ko itabi rikorerwa muri Afurika n’iryoherezwayo, riba rifite ikinyabutabire cya nicotine gituma abarikoresha babatwa naryo mu buryo bworoshye, byose biri mu mugambi wo kurushaho kwigarurira Abanyafurika.

Umuyobozi w’Ihurira Nyafurika rigamije kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’Itabi (ATCA), Akinbode Oluwafemi, yavuze ko “Bikwiriye kwigira hamwe uburyo bwo kuburizamo abakora itabi guhindura Afurika indiri y’ibikorwa byabo, tukirinda abashobora gukora ibitemewe n’amategeko mu rwego rwo kwikubira isoko rya Afurika.”

BAT n’ibindi bigo bicuruza itabi bishinjwa gukora ibikorwa birimo kwamamaza itabi ku mashuri no kwamamaza mu buryo butemewe n’amategeko, cyane cyane mu bihugu bya Afurika.

Nk’ubu abaturage bo mu bihugu bya Afurika babona ubutumwa bwamamaza itabi inshuro 81 zirenze iz’abaturage bo mu bihugu biteye imbere.

Umushakashatsi mu Kigo gikora ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa ry’itabi muri Kaminuza ya Bath, yavuze ko “Leta z’ibihugu bya Afurika zikwiye gushyira imbaraga mu kugenzura uburyo bwo kwamamaza itabi, hakitabwa ku bikorwa bigendera ku mategeko mpuzamahanga.”

Ku rwego rw’Isi, hacuruzwa amatabi angana na miliyari ibihumbi 6,5 ku mwaka, bivuze ko amatabi miliyari 18 acuruzwa ku munsi.

Leta za Afurika zasabwe gushyiraho ingamba zizatuma uyu mugabane udahinduka indiri y’icuruzwa ry’itabi mu myaka iri imbere

Dr. Nshimiyimana Jean Damascène uyobora ikigo ngororamuco cya Iwawa yatangarije Kigali Today ko abakingiwe ari abarengeje imyaka 40 kimwe n’abafite uburwayi budakira nka hepatite, umuvuduko w’amaraso n’izindi ndwara zidakira zatuma bazahazwa na Covid-19 baramutse bayirwaye.

Uwayezu Jean Claude ugororerwa ku kirwa cya Iwawa avuga ko bajyaga babona kuri televisiyo Abanyarwanda bakingirwa bakibaza igihe na bo bazakingirwa, bashima kuba iyi gahunda yabagezeho.

Agira ati “Ndumva nishimye kuko nizeye ko ntazahazwa na Covid-19 ndamutse nyirwaye, najyaga mbona kuri Televisiyo abantu bakingirwa nkibaza igihe nanjye nzakingirirwa. Kuba mpawe urukingo rwa mbere birampa icyizere cyo kuyitsinda.”

Bandikaga umwirondoro w’abagomba gukingirwa

Ikirwa cya Iwawa gicumbikiye abantu 1621 barimo kugororwa no kwigishwa imyuga. Kuba baba hamwe bishobora gukurura ibyago hagize uwandura Covid-19.

Dr. Nshimiyimana avuga ko ibikorwa byo gukingira bizakomeza hakurikijwe uko inkingo zizagenda ziboneka, bakaba bakomeje kwirinda ko Covid-19 yagera mu bagororerwa kuri iki kirwa.

Avuga ko ibikorwa byo gusura abagororwa Iwawa bishobora kuzasubukurwa mu gihe inkingo zaboneka bagakingira benshi hejuru ya 60%.

Mu kiganiro n’abanyamakuru, umuyobozi wa WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus , ku wa Kabiri tariki 14 Nzeri 2021, yavuze ko ikibazo cy’ubusumbane buri hagati y’ibihugu bikize n’ibikennye mu bijyanye no kubona inkingo cyakemuka, yongera gusaba inganda zikora imiti ko zajya zigira gahunda ya LONI izwi nka ‘COVAX’ iy’ibanze, kuko yashyiriweho gusaranganya inkingo muri rusange.

Icyakora inganda zikora imiti harimo ‘Pfizer-BioNTech’ na ‘Moderna’ ntizigeze zigaragaza ko ziteguye guhindura uko zikora muri iki gihe, harimo gukomeza guha inkingo ibihugu bikize kurusha ibindi.

Mu cyumweru gishize, Tedros yasabye ko habaho ko ibihugu biba byigije inyuma gahunda yo gutanga inkingo zishimangira izabanje (Booster shots) ku bantu bafite ubuzima bwiza, nibura bikagera mu mpera z’uyu mwaka.

Ibihugu birimo Israel, u Bufaransa n’u Budage byatangiye gutanga urukingo rwa gatatu ku bantu bamwe na bwamwe. U Bwongereza ku ya 14 Nzeri 2021, ni bwo bwatangaje ko bugiye gutanga inkingo zishimangira izatanzwe mbere (boosters) ku muntu wese urengeje imyaka 50 ndetse no ku muntu waba ari muto, ariko afite ibindi bibazo by’ubuzima byatuma yakwibasirwa na Covid-19 cyane.

Muri iki cyumweru kandi , ni bwo muri Amerika hazaba ikiganirompaka mu ruhame, bareba niba ari ngombwa ko batanga inkingo zishimangira izabanje, ariko kandi muri iki cyumweru inzobere mu by’ubuzima zo muri ‘FDA’ ndetse n’abahanga mu bya siyansi bo muri WHO, bari banditse muri ‘Lancet’ ko umuntu uri mu myaka yo hagati (average person) adakeneye urukingo rushimangira izo yahawe.

Kugeza ubu, ngo Abanyafurika batagera no kuri 4% ni bo amaze guhabwa inking za Covid-19 zuzuye, kuko igice kinini cy’inkingo zigera kuri Miliyari 5.7 zakozwe, zihariwe n’ibihugu 10 gusa bikize ku isi.

Gahunda ya COVAX yananiwe kugera ku ntego hafi ya zose yari yiyemeje, none ubu yatangiye gusaba ininginga ibihugu bikize kugira ngo byemere gusaranganya inkingo.

Dr. Seth Berkley, Umuyobozi mukuru w’ihuriro ry’ibijyanye n’inkingo (Gavi), yavuze ko COVAX itegenya kubona inkingo za Covid-19 zigera kuri Miliyari 1.4 bitarenze uyu mwaka, izo ngo zikaba zitageze no kuri kimwe cya kane cy’ibyo yari yiyemeje.

Perezida wa ‘Afreximbank’, Benedict Oramah yavuze ko kugura inkingo zishimangira izirimo gutangwa muri Afurika, byasaba ko hiyongeraho Miliyoni ziri hagati ya 500-600 z’Amadolari, haba habariwemo n’ibikoresho bijyanye n’izo nkingo, ngo bigasaba Miliyari y’Amadolari ku mwaka.

Strive Masiyiwa, intumwa ya Afurika yunze ubumwe (AU) mu bijyanye n’inkingo za Covid-19, yasabye ko habaho koroshya ibijyanye n’uburenganzira ku mutungo mu by’ubwenge, kugira ngo bifashe mu gukorera inkingo muri Afurika.

Uko ari 15 bose ni abagabo, bakaba barafatiwe mu Karere ka Mbarara mu bihe bitandukanye bashinjwa kuba ba maneko b’u Rwanda.

Bavuga ko bakubitiwe muri gereza ya Polisi ya Mbarara ndetse n’iya gisirikare yitwa Makenke kugira ngo bemere icyaha cyo kuba ba maneko b’u Rwanda.

Muri gereza bari bafungiwemo bavuga ko basizemo abandi Banyarwanda na bo bashinjwa kuba ba maneko b’u Rwanda aho bakoreshwa imirimo ivunanye hakiyongeraho inkoni za buri gihe.

Bose bavuga kandi ko bambuwe amafaranga n’inzego z’umutekano za Uganda harimo igisirikare na Polisi.

Ibindi byaha byakozwe muri gahunda ya Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yo kongera ibyumba by’amashuri mu mirenge itatu ari yo Gashonga, Gihundwe na Rwimbogo yo mu Karere ka Rusizi.

Abo bantu bakekwaho kugira uruhare mu mitangire y’amasoko mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko ndetse bakaba barakiriye imirimo yakozwe hubakw ibyo byumba by’amashuri mu buryo bunyuranyije n’uko byari byanditswe mu masezerano. Ibyo byumba by’amashuri ngo babyakiriye nk’aho byujuje ibyangombwa nyamara bituzuye.

Baramutse bahamwe n’ibyaha bakekwaho bahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka itanu ariko kitarenze imyaka irindwi.