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Author: webrwanda

  • Big Bang: Uko Isi n’Isi yose byatangiye kuva ku kintu gito cyane kugeza ku isanzure rinini tubona uyu munsi

    Big Bang: Uko Isi n’Isi yose byatangiye kuva ku kintu gito cyane kugeza ku isanzure rinini tubona uyu munsi

    Iyo turebye mu kirere nijoro tukabona inyenyeri n’imibumbe bitagira ingano, ikibazo gikomeye gihita kiza mu bitekerezo by’abantu: Ese ibi byose byatangiye bite? Univers yacu yavuye he?

    Abahanga mu bumenyi bw’ikirere bavuga ko igitekerezo cyizewe kurusha ibindi muri iki gihe ari icyo bita Big Bang, igitekerezo kivuga ko univers yatangiye hashize hafi imyaka miliyari 13.8 ivuye mu buryo budasanzwe bw’ubushyuhe n’ubucucike bukabije.

    Ariko Big Bang ntivuga ko habayeho iturika nk’irya bombe mu kirere. Ahubwo ivuga ko umwanya ubwawo (space) watangiye kwaguka, utangirira ku kintu gito cyane kandi gishyushye cyane.

    Mbere ya Big Bang hari iki?

    Iki ni kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye abahanga bakomeje kwibazaho.

    Muri iki gihe, amategeko ya fiziki dufite ntabwo ashobora gusobanura neza ibyarangiye mbere y’akanya ka mbere ka Big Bang. Icyo abahanga bazi ni uko mu ntangiriro cyane habayeho ikintu bita singularity, aho ibintu byose byari byegeranye cyane ku buryo ubushyuhe n’ubucucike byari hejuru cyane.

    Aha ni ho ikibazo gikomeye gitangirira: ese hari ikindi cyabayeho mbere? Ese igihe ubwacyo cyari gihari? Ntabwo haraboneka igisubizo gihamye.

    Intangiriro: igihe univers yatangiraga kwaguka

    Mu kanya gato cyane nyuma ya Big Bang, univers yari imeze nk’ahantu hashyushye cyane huzuye ingufu.

    Hanyuma itangira kwaguka vuba cyane. Icyo gihe habayeho igikorwa abahanga bita inflation, aho umwanya wagutse ku muvuduko udasanzwe mu gace gato cyane k’igihe.

    Nyuma yaho, uko univers yakomezaga gukonja, ingufu zatangiye guhinduka ibice by’ibanze bigize ibintu:

    • utuntu duto cyane twitwa quarks
    • nyuma habaho protons na neutrons
    • nyuma habaho atomu za mbere

    Ibi byari intangiriro y’ibintu byose bigize isi, imibumbe n’abantu.

    Imyaka amagana y’ibihumbi nyuma ya Big Bang: habaho urumuri rwa mbere

    Mu ntangiriro, univers yari yuzuye ibice byari bibuza urumuri kugenda neza.

    Ariko nyuma y’imyaka hafi 380,000, univers yari imaze gukonja bihagije kugira ngo atomu zibashe kubaho. Icyo gihe urumuri rwatangiye kugenda mu kirere.

    Uru rumuri ruracyagaragara uyu munsi nk’ikimenyetso gikomeye cya Big Bang, rwitwa:

    Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).

    Ni nk’”ifoto” ya kera cyane abahanga bakoresha bashaka kumenya uko univers yari imeze mu ntangiriro.

    Inyenyeri n’amagalagisi byavutse bite?

    Nyuma y’imyaka amagana y’amamiliyoni, imbaraga rukuruzi (gravity) zatangiye gukurura ibicu binini by’ibintu.

    Aho ibyo bicu byegeraniraga cyane ni ho havutse:

    • inyenyeri za mbere
    • amagalagisi
    • nyuma imibumbe

    Inyenyeri zahinduye ibintu byoroheje nka hydrogen na helium bihinduka ibindi bintu bikomeye nka:

    • karubone
    • ogisijeni
    • ubutare

    Ibi ni ibintu byaje kugira uruhare mu kubaka imibumbe n’ubuzima.

    Mu buryo runaka, ibintu bigize umubiri w’umuntu byaturutse ku nyenyeri za kera zapfuye zigatatanya ibintu mu isanzure.

    Ese univers iracyaguka?

    Yego.

    Mu mwaka wa 1929, umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’ikirere Edwin Hubble yagaragaje ko amagalagisi menshi arimo kutwegera cyangwa kutwitarura, bikerekana ko univers ikomeje kwaguka.

    Nyuma abahanga basanze ko kwaguka kwa univers kutagenda kugabanuka ahubwo kwihuta, ibyo bikaba bifitanye isano n’ikintu kitazwi neza bita:

    Dark Energy (ingufu z’umwijima).

    Abahanga bakeka ko iyi ngufu ari yo ituma amagalagisi agenda atandukana kurushaho.

    Ese Big Bang ni ukuri cyangwa ni igitekerezo gusa?

    Big Bang ni igitekerezo cya siyansi gifite ibimenyetso byinshi bigishyigikira, birimo:

    1. Kwaguka kwa univers

    Amagalagisi agenda atandukana, bigaragaza ko kera yari yegereye cyane.

    2. Cosmic Microwave Background

    Urumuri rwa kera rwasigaye kuva mu ntangiriro za univers.

    3. Uko ibinyabutabire biboneka

    Ingano ya hydrogen, helium n’ibindi bintu mu isanzure ihuye n’ibyo Big Bang iteganya.

    Ariko haracyari ibibazo bitarasubizwa

    Nubwo Big Bang yasobanuye byinshi, hari ibibazo bikomeye bikiriho:

    • Ni iki cyateye Big Bang?
    • Kuki habayeho ikintu aho kuba ubusa?
    • Dark Matter ni iki?
    • Ese univers yacu ni imwe gusa cyangwa hari izindi univers?
    • Ese univers izakomeza kwaguka iteka?

    Abahanga mu by’ikirere n’abahanga mu bya fiziki baracyashaka ibisubizo.

    imyaka ibaye miliyari 13.8

    Inkuru ya Big Bang ni inkuru y’ukuntu ikintu cyari gito cyane, gishyushye kandi cyuzuyemo ingufu cyahindutse isanzure rinini ririmo amagalagisi abarirwa muri za miliyari, inyenyeri zitabarika, imibumbe ndetse n’ubuzima.

    Iyo urebye ikirere, uba ureba amateka y’imyaka hafi miliyari 14. Buri nyenyeri iboneka ni nk’urupapuro rumwe mu gitabo kinini cyanditswe n’ibihe kuva ku ntangiriro ya univers kugeza uyu munsi.

  • Iyo abashakanye basanze baranduye SIDA: Ni gute hamenyekana uwayanduje undi?

    Iyo abashakanye basanze baranduye SIDA: Ni gute hamenyekana uwayanduje undi?

    Iyo umugabo n’umugore babana basanze bombi baranduye agakoko gatera SIDA (HIV), ikibazo gikunze kubazwa ni kimwe: “Ni nde wayanduje undi?” Ariko igisubizo si buri gihe kiba cyoroshye, kuko ubumenyi bwa siyansi bwerekana ko akenshi bidashoboka kumenya neza igihe n’uwanduje mugenzi we hakoreshejwe ibizamini bisanzwe.

    Kubona ko bombi bafite HIV ntibihita bivuga uwanduje undi

    Iyo umuntu apimwe agasanga afite HIV, ikizamini gishobora kwerekana ko umubiri we ufite ubwirinzi bwihariye bwakozwe mu kurwanya virusi. Ariko ntikigaragaza:

    • igihe nyacyo yanduriwe;
    • umuntu wamwanduje;
    • niba ari we wabanje kwandura cyangwa niba yarandujwe nyuma.

    HIV ishobora kumara igihe kirekire mu mubiri umuntu atarabona ibimenyetso, bityo umuntu ashobora kuba yaranduye amezi cyangwa imyaka myinshi mbere yo kubimenya.

    Ibimenyetso ntibihagije kumenya uwanduye mbere

    Hari abatekereza ko umuntu urwaye cyane cyangwa ufite ibimenyetso byinshi ari we wabanje kwandura. Ibi si byo buri gihe.

    Umuntu ashobora kuba afite HIV igihe kirekire ariko ubuzima bwe bukaba bukimeze neza, cyane cyane iyo afite ubudahangarwa bukomeye cyangwa akaba atarigeze agira ibibazo by’ubuzima bikomeye.

    N’umuntu ushobora kuba amaze igihe gito yanduye ashobora kugira ibimenyetso bikomeye bitewe n’uko umubiri we wakiriye virusi.

    Ese ibizamini byihariye bishobora kubimenya?

    Hari uburyo bwa siyansi bwo gusesengura imiterere ya virusi (nka genetic sequencing cyangwa isesengura rya “phylogenetic analysis”) bushobora rimwe na rimwe kwerekana niba virusi z’abantu babiri zisa cyane.

    Ariko n’ubwo byagaragaza ko virusi zisa, ntibihamya 100% ko umwe ari we wanduje undi.

    Impamvu ni uko:

    • abantu bo mu gace kamwe bashobora kuba bafite ubwoko bwa HIV busa;
    • virusi ishobora guhinduka uko igihe kigenda;
    • umuntu ashobora kuba yarayanduye ku wundi muntu utari uwo bashakanye.

    Ni ukuvuga ko siyansi ishobora gutanga ibimenyetso, ariko akenshi ntishobora gutanga icyemezo cya nyuma.

    Ni iki gishobora gufasha kumenya uko byagenze?

    Mu gihe abashakanye babiri basanze bafite HIV, abaganga bashobora kureba ibintu bitandukanye:

    1. Amateka y’ibipimo

    Niba umwe muri bo yarigeze gupimwa mbere agasanga nta HIV afite, hanyuma nyuma akazayisangamo, bishobora gutanga igitekerezo cy’igihe yaba yaranduriye.

    Urugero:

    • Umugabo yapimwe mu 2023 asanga nta HIV afite;
    • mu 2026 apimwe agasanga ayifite;
    • umugore we na we akayisangamo.

    Ibi bishobora gufasha kumenya ko umugabo ashobora kuba yaranduye muri icyo gihe, ariko ntibihita bigaragaza ko ari we wanduje umugore.

    2. Amakuru ku buzima bw’imyororokere n’imibonano mpuzabitsina

    Abaganga bashobora kuganira n’abashakanye ku mateka yabo, ariko ibi bigomba gukorwa mu bwubahane no kutabogama, kuko kuba umuntu afite HIV bidahita bivuga ko yahemutse.

    3. Ubushakashatsi bwa laboratwari

    Nk’uko byavuzwe, bushobora gufasha gusobanukirwa isano iri hagati ya virusi zombi ariko ntibutange gihamya idashidikanywaho.

    Kuki ari ngombwa kwirinda gushinja umuntu?

    Iyo abashakanye bamenye ko bafite HIV, gushaka “nyirabayazana” bishobora guteza amakimbirane akomeye kandi rimwe na rimwe bigatandukanya imiryango.

    Ikintu cy’ingenzi kurusha kumenya uwanduje undi ni:

    • gutangira cyangwa gukomeza imiti igabanya ubukana bwa HIV (ARV);
    • gukurikiza inama z’abaganga;
    • gufashanya mu buzima;
    • kwirinda ko undi muntu yandura.

    Iyo umuntu ufite HIV afata imiti neza kandi virusi ikagera ku rwego rutagaragara mu maraso (undetectable), ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko adashobora kwanduza uwo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina (U=U: Undetectable = Untransmittable).

    Umwanzuro

    Iyo abashakanye bombi basanze bafite HIV, ntibishoboka kenshi kumenya neza uwanduje undi. Ibimenyetso bya muganga n’ibizamini bishobora gutanga amakuru afasha, ariko ntibishobora kuba urubanza rufatika rwo kuvuga ngo “uyu ni we wanduje undi.”

    Icy’ingenzi ni ukureba imbere: kubaho neza hamwe, gufata imiti, no kurengera ubuzima bw’abagize umuryango.

  • Opinion: Kuki Abanyarwanda bakwiye kwitondera no kwamagana filime The Polygamist iri kuri Netflix

    Opinion: Kuki Abanyarwanda bakwiye kwitondera no kwamagana filime The Polygamist iri kuri Netflix

    Mu minsi ishize, hari impaka ku mbuga nkoranyambaga z’abanyarwanda bamwe bagaragaje impungenge kuri filime ya Netflix yitwa The Polygamist, bamwe bayihuza n’u Rwanda n’umuco nyarwanda.

    Ariko mbere yo kuyamagana cyangwa kuyifata nk’igisebo ku Banyarwanda, hari ukuri gukwiye kubanza gushyirwa ku murongo: iyi filime ntabwo ivuga ku Rwanda cyangwa ku Banyarwanda. Ni uruhererekane rwo muri Afurika y’Epfo ruvuga ku buzima bwa Jonasi Gomora, umugabo w’umukire ufite ubuzima bw’imibanire bugoye, aho abagore n’amabanga ye bitera ikibazo mu muryango we.

    Ariko nubwo atari inkuru y’u Rwanda, impaka yazanye zifite icyo zitwigisha.

    Afurika ikwiye kuvugwa ite kuri sinema mpuzamahanga?

    Ikibazo gikomeye si uko Netflix yerekanye inkuru y’umuryango ufite ibibazo. Buri gihugu ku isi gifite inkuru zacyo zirimo amakimbirane, ubuhemu, ubukene, ubukire, ibyaha cyangwa ibibazo by’imibanire.

    Ikibazo ni uko akenshi ku rwego mpuzamahanga, abantu bamwe bashobora kureba inkuru imwe yo muri Afurika bakayifata nk’ishusho y’umugabane wose.

    Iyo umuntu wo hanze atazi itandukaniro hagati y’ibihugu bya Afurika, ashobora kubona inkuru imwe y’ahantu runaka akayihuza n’abandi bose.

    Aha ni ho Abanyarwanda bakwiye kugira ubushishozi.

    Kwamagana ntabwo ari ko buri gihe ari igisubizo

    Hari igihe abantu bumva ko iyo filime igaragaza ikintu kitabashimishije, igomba guhita yamaganwa.

    Ariko mu isi y’ubuhanzi, ikibazo cy’ibanze si “Ese inkuru irimo abantu bafite amakosa?” ahubwo ni “Ese iyo nkuru igaragaza abantu nk’abantu ku giti cyabo cyangwa nk’ishusho y’umuryango wose?”

    The Polygamist ni ikinamico ivuga ku mahitamo y’abantu, imibanire, ububasha, amafaranga n’ingaruka z’ibyemezo by’umuntu. Ntabwo ari inyandiko yerekana uko Abanyafurika bose babayeho.

    Abanyarwanda bafite inshingano yo kuvuga inkuru zabo

    Aho kumara imbaraga gusa barwanya inkuru z’abandi, Abanyarwanda bakwiye kongera imbaraga mu gukora sinema zabo zerekana amateka, umuco n’ubuzima bwabo uko babyifuza.

    Igihugu kigaragara cyane ku isi ni ikigira abantu benshi bavuga inkuru zacyo.

    Niba hari abantu batishimira uburyo Afurika igaragara muri zimwe muri filime mpuzamahanga, igisubizo kirambye ni ugukora ibihangano byinshi byerekana ubundi buryo bwo kuyibona.

    Umuco w’u Rwanda ntukwiye gusobanurwa na filime imwe

    U Rwanda rufite amateka, indangagaciro n’imibereho byarwo. Ibyo ntibishobora guhindurwa na filime imwe itari inasobanuye igihugu.

    Ariko nanone, kuba iyi filime itavuga ku Rwanda ntibibuza Abanyarwanda kuyitekerezaho, kuko ibibazo by’imiryango, ubudahemuka, gushaka ububasha n’ingaruka z’amahitamo y’abantu ari ibibazo bibaho mu bihugu byinshi.

    Umwanzuro

    The Polygamist ikwiye kurebwa nk’inkuru yo muri Afurika y’Epfo, si nk’ishusho y’u Rwanda cyangwa Abanyarwanda.

    Abanyarwanda bafite uburenganzira bwo kugira icyo bavuga ku buryo Afurika igaragazwa, ariko kurinda isura y’igihugu ntibisobanura gufata buri nkuru yo muri Afurika nk’aho ituvuga.

    Ahubwo igisubizo gikomeye kurusha kwamagana ni ugukora inkuru nyinshi zerekana abo turi bo, amateka yacu n’indangagaciro zacu.

    Kuko igihugu kidafite abacyo bavuga inkuru, gishobora gusigira abandi umwanya wo kugisobanura.

  • Iyo umugore agize anxiety atazi n’impamvu: Impamvu bibaho n’uko umugabo yamufasha

    Iyo umugore agize anxiety atazi n’impamvu: Impamvu bibaho n’uko umugabo yamufasha

    Hari igihe umugore ashobora guhura n’ibihe byo kugira ubwoba, guhangayika, umutima ugatera cyane cyangwa akumva adatuje, ariko akabura igisobanuro cy’icyabiteye. Aha ni ho benshi bibaza bati: “Ese ni iki kimutera kumva ameze gutya kandi nta kibazo mbona gihari?”

    Ukuri ni uko anxiety (guhangayika bikabije) ishobora kubaho n’iyo umuntu adashobora guhita amenya impamvu nyayo. Si buri gihe iba iterwa n’ikintu kimwe kigaragara.

    Kuki umugore ashobora kugira anxiety atazi impamvu?

    1. Umubiri ushobora kuba uri mu gihagararo cy’umunaniro

    Iyo umuntu amaze igihe afite imihangayiko, adasinzira neza, afite inshingano nyinshi cyangwa ahora ahangayikishijwe n’ibibazo bitandukanye, umubiri ushobora gukomeza kuba mu “buryo bwo kwirinda”, nubwo nta kibazo gihari ako kanya.

    Umugore ashobora kumva:

    • umutima utera cyane;
    • gutinya ibintu bidafite impamvu igaragara;
    • kutagira amahoro;
    • gushaka kuba wenyine;
    • kurira cyangwa kugira amarangamutima menshi.

    2. Impinduka z’imisemburo

    Abagore bahura n’impinduka nyinshi z’imisemburo mu bihe bitandukanye by’ubuzima.

    Ibi bishobora kugira uruhare ku myumvire no ku marangamutima, cyane cyane mu bihe nk:

    • nyuma yo kubyara;
    • mu gihe cy’imihindagurikire y’imihango;
    • mu bihe by’umunaniro ukabije.

    Ibi ntibivuze ko buri anxiety iterwa n’imisemburo, ariko ni kimwe mu bintu bishobora kubigiramo uruhare.

    3. Ibibazo umuntu yagiye ahisha cyangwa akihanganira igihe kirekire

    Hari abantu bashobora kumara igihe kirekire bihanganira ibibazo, bagasa n’abameze neza hanze, ariko imbere bafite umunaniro ukomeye.

    Umuntu ashobora kuba yaragiye yikorera:

    • inshingano z’umuryango;
    • ibibazo by’akazi;
    • ubwoba bw’ejo hazaza;
    • ibibazo byo mu mibanire.

    Hari igihe ubwonko buhita butanga ibimenyetso nyuma y’igihe kirekire, nubwo umuntu ubwe atahita amenya icyo byaturutseho.

    4. Anxiety ishobora kuza nta mpamvu igaragara

    Kimwe mu bintu bikomeye abantu benshi batumva ni uko anxiety itajya igira “impamvu imwe” ushobora guhita werekana urutoki.

    Rimwe na rimwe ni uruvange rw’ibintu byinshi bito byagiye bikusanyirizwa hamwe.

    Umugabo yakwitwara ate abonye umugore we afite anxiety?

    Ikintu cya mbere umugabo akwiye kumenya ni uko muri uwo mwanya umugore we aba adakeneye umuntu umubwira ko “nta kibazo gihari”, ahubwo aba akeneye umuntu umufasha kongera kumva atekanye.

    1. Kumva mbere yo gutanga ibisubizo

    Aho kuvuga ngo:

    “Reka kubitekerezaho cyane.”

    cyangwa:

    “Nta mpamvu yo kugira ubwoba.”

    bishobora gutuma yumva ko atumvikanye.

    Ahubwo umugabo ashobora kuvuga ati:

    “Ndabona utameze neza. Ndi hano, umbwire uko wumva umeze.”

    2. Kudafata anxiety nk’uburakari cyangwa kwanga umugabo

    Hari igihe umugore ufite anxiety ashobora kuba acecetse, arakara vuba cyangwa agashaka kwigunga.

    Umugabo akwiye kwirinda guhita abifata nk’uko ari ikibazo cy’urukundo cyangwa ko umugore amwanga.

    Rimwe na rimwe ni uburyo umubiri n’ubwonko biri kugerageza guhangana n’umuvuduko.

    3. Kumufasha mu bintu bifatika

    Urukundo rugaragara mu bikorwa.

    Umugabo ashobora:

    • kumufasha kugabanya inshingano zimuremereye;
    • kumureka akaruhuka;
    • kumuba hafi;
    • kumufasha gushaka ubufasha niba ikibazo gikomeje.

    4. Kutamugaya cyangwa kumuseka

    Amagambo nka:

    • “Uri gutekereza cyane”;
    • “Abandi bafite ibibazo biruta ibyawe”;
    • “Ibi ni ubusa”,

    ashobora kongera kumutera kwigunga.

    Ni ryari hakwiye gushakwa ubufasha bw’umwuga?

    Niba anxiety imara igihe kirekire, ikabangamira ubuzima bwa buri munsi, ibitotsi, akazi, imibanire cyangwa ikaba ikomeye cyane, kuganira n’umuhanga mu by’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe bishobora gufasha.

    Umwanzuro

    Iyo umugore agize anxiety atazi n’impamvu, ntabwo bivuze ko ari umuntu ufite intege nke cyangwa ko hari ikintu yakoze nabi. Rimwe na rimwe ni uburyo umubiri n’ubwonko bigaragaza ko hari umunaniro cyangwa imihangayiko ikeneye kwitabwaho.

    Umugabo mwiza si ugerageza guhita akemura buri kintu ako kanya, ahubwo ni utera umugore we umutekano, akamwumva kandi akamuba hafi mu gihe gikomeye.

    Kuko rimwe na rimwe ijambo rito rigira imbaraga kurusha igisubizo kinini: “Ndi kumwe nawe, tuzabinyuramo.”

  • Intambara ya USA na Iran iteye impungenge mu ndege: Ibihugu byo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati bihagarika ingendo z’indege kubera ubwoba bw’umutekano

    Intambara ya USA na Iran iteye impungenge mu ndege: Ibihugu byo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati bihagarika ingendo z’indege kubera ubwoba bw’umutekano

    Mu gihe amakimbirane hagati ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USA) na Iran akomeje guteza impungenge mu karere ka Middle East, urwego rw’ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere rwatangiye guhungabana, aho ibihugu byinshi byafashe icyemezo cyo guhagarika cyangwa kugabanya ingendo z’indege kubera ubwoba bw’uko intambara yakwaguka.

    Ikibazo cy’indege cyabaye kimwe mu bimenyetso bikomeye by’uko umwuka w’intambara uri kugira ingaruka ku buzima bwa buri munsi, ubucuruzi ndetse n’ingendo mpuzamahanga.

    Ikirere cyahindutse ahantu h’akaga

    Middle East ni kamwe mu turere dufite inzira z’indege nyinshi ku isi. Ibihugu nka Qatar, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abarabu (UAE), Arabia Saudite na Bahrain bifite ibibuga by’indege bihuza Aziya, Afurika n’u Burayi.

    Ariko iyo habaye amakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu bikomeye nka USA na Iran, indege nyinshi zihura n’ikibazo cyo kumenya niba inzira z’ikirere zizewe.

    Amakompanyi y’indege atinya ibintu birimo:

    • Ibitero bya misile cyangwa drone bishobora kugera hafi y’ibibuga by’indege;
    • Gufungwa kw’ikirere n’ubuyobozi bw’ibihugu;
    • Akaga ko indege z’abasivili kwibeshyaho mu gihe cy’ibikorwa bya gisirikare;
    • Kwiyongera kw’ibiciro byo gukoresha inzira ndende zindi.

    Kuki Iran ifite uruhare runini?

    Iran ifite imwe mu myanya y’ingenzi ku ikarita ya politiki n’umutekano wo muri Middle East.

    Akarere ka Persian Gulf, aho Iran iherereye, ni ingenzi cyane ku bwikorezi bwo mu kirere no mu nyanja. Iyo habaye ubushyamirane, ibihugu n’amakompanyi y’indege bihita bifata ingamba zo kwirinda.

    Mu bihe byashize, igihe habaga amakimbirane hagati ya Iran n’ibihugu biyishyigikiye cyangwa biyirwanya, ibihugu byinshi byagiye bifunga inzira zimwe z’indege cyangwa bigasaba indege kunyura ahandi.

    Ibihugu bihura n’ingaruka

    Ibihugu byo muri Gulf by’umwihariko ni byo bikunze kugira ingaruka zikomeye kuko biri hafi y’ahantu hashobora kubera imirwano.

    Ibibuga by’indege bikomeye nka:

    • Dubai,
    • Doha,
    • Abu Dhabi,
    • Riyadh,

    bikunda kwakira indege ibihumbi buri mwaka, ariko umutekano w’akarere ushobora gutuma ingendo zigabanuka cyangwa zigahagarara by’agateganyo.

    Iyo indege zihagaritswe, bigira ingaruka ku:

    • Ba mukerarugendo;
    • Abacuruzi;
    • Abakozi bajya mu mahanga;
    • Ibicuruzwa bitwarwa mu ndege.

    Isoko ry’ubucuruzi riratangira guhungabana

    Guhagarika ingendo z’indege ntibigira ingaruka ku bagenzi gusa. Bigira n’ingaruka ku bukungu.

    Indege zitwara ibintu byinshi birimo:

    • Imiti;
    • Ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga;
    • Ibicuruzwa byihuta kwangirika;
    • Inyandiko n’ibikoresho by’ubucuruzi.

    Iyo inzira z’indege zihagaritswe, ibiciro birazamuka kubera ko indege zisabwa gukoresha inzira ndende kandi zihenze.

    Ubwoba bw’intambara yaguka

    Impamvu nyamukuru ituma indege zigabanywa ni ubwoba bw’uko intambara itagarukira gusa ku bihugu bibiri.

    Middle East ni akarere karimo ibihugu bifitanye amasezerano n’imbaraga zitandukanye za gisirikare. USA ifite ibirindiro bya gisirikare muri bimwe mu bihugu byo muri Gulf, mu gihe Iran ifite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha intwaro za misile na drone.

    Ibi bituma sosiyete z’indege zishyira imbere umutekano w’abagenzi kurusha gukomeza gahunda zisanzwe.

    Ese ingendo zizasubira ku murongo?

    Abahanga mu by’umutekano bavuga ko gusubira ku murongo kw’ingendo z’indege bizaterwa n’uko ikibazo cya politiki kizagenda.

    Niba haboneka ibiganiro n’umwuka wo kugabanya amakimbirane, indege zishobora gusubukura gahunda zisanzwe vuba.

    Ariko niba imirwano ikomeza cyangwa ikagera mu bindi bihugu, bishobora gutuma ihagarikwa ry’ingendo rikomeza ndetse rikagira ingaruka ku bukungu bw’akarere kose.

    Umwanzuro

    Intambara cyangwa ubushyamirane hagati ya USA na Iran ntibigira ingaruka ku basirikare gusa. Bugeze no ku buzima bw’abaturage basanzwe binyuze mu guhagarika ingendo z’indege, guhungabanya ubucuruzi no kongera ubwoba mu karere.

    Mu gihe isi ikomeje gukurikira uko ibintu bizagenda, Middle East ikomeje kuba ahantu h’ingenzi hashobora kugena uko ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere n’ubukungu mpuzamahanga bizagenda mu minsi iri imbere.

  • Lucrezia Borgia na Cesare Borgia: Ese koko bari bafite umubano w’ibanga? Ukuri n’ibinyoma byaranze umwe mu miryango yavuzwe cyane mu mateka

    Lucrezia Borgia na Cesare Borgia: Ese koko bari bafite umubano w’ibanga? Ukuri n’ibinyoma byaranze umwe mu miryango yavuzwe cyane mu mateka

    Iyo havuzwe izina Borgia, abantu benshi bahita batekereza uburozi, ubwicanyi, ubutegetsi ndetse n’ibihuha by’ubusambanyi bwavuzwe hagati ya Lucrezia Borgia na musaza we Cesare Borgia. Ariko se, ibyo bihuha byari ukuri cyangwa byari intwaro y’abanzi babo?

    Uyu ni umwe mu migani n’impaka byakomeje kuvugisha isi imyaka isaga 500.

    Umuryango watinywaga n’u Burayi bwose

    Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 15, Rodrigo Borgia yabaye Papa Alexander VI. Kuba yari Papa ariko afite abana benshi byonyine byari impamvu yo kunengwa.

    Mu bana be, Cesare Borgia yari umusirikare n’umunyapolitiki utinyitse, mu gihe Lucrezia Borgia yari azwiho ubwiza, ubwenge n’ubushobozi bwo kugirana imishyikirano ya dipolomasi.

    Aba bombi bakoranaga cyane mu nyungu z’umuryango wa Borgia, ibintu byatumye benshi batangira kubakekaho umubano udasanzwe.

    Ni hehe ibihuha byatangiriye?

    Mu 1497, murumuna wabo Giovanni Borgia yishwe mu buryo butarasobanuka kugeza n’ubu.

    Hari abakekaga ko Cesare ari we wamwishe kugira ngo akomeze inzira ye ya politiki.

    Muri icyo gihe kandi, Lucrezia yakundaga kugaragara hafi ya se na musaza we mu nama z’ibanga n’ibyemezo bya politiki, ibintu byatumye abanzi b’umuryango wa Borgia batangira gukwirakwiza inkuru zivuga ko atari umubano usanzwe w’abavandimwe.

    Nyuma y’uko ishyingiranwa rya mbere rya Lucrezia riseshwe, ibihuha byarushijeho gukwira hose, bamwe bavuga ko yari atwite inda y’umuntu utazwi, abandi bavuga ko se cyangwa musaza we ari bo bayiteye.

    Ese hari ibimenyetso bifatika?

    Nubwo ibyo bihuha byakwirakwijwe cyane, abashakashatsi benshi b’amateka bavuga ko nta kimenyetso cyizewe cyigeze kibyemeza.

    Nta nyandiko y’icyo gihe yizewe yerekana ko Lucrezia na Cesare bagiranye umubano w’urukundo cyangwa w’imibonano mpuzabitsina.

    Ahanini amakuru yaturukaga ku bantu bari abanzi ba Papa Alexander VI cyangwa ku banyapolitiki bashakaga gutesha agaciro umuryango wa Borgia.

    Mu gihe cy’u Butaliyani bwo mu kinyejana cya 15, gukoresha ibihuha nk’intwaro ya politiki byari ibintu bisanzwe.

    “Infans Romanus” – Umwana wasize amayobera

    Kimwe mu bintu byongereye ibyo bihuha ni umwana witwaga Giovanni Borgia, uzwi nka Infans Romanus.

    Papa Alexander VI yasohoye inyandiko ebyiri zitandukanye: imwe ivuga ko uwo mwana ari uwe, indi ikavuga ko ari uwa Cesare.

    Uku kunyuranya kwatumye abantu benshi batangira guhimba ko uwo mwana ashobora kuba yari uwa Lucrezia.

    Ariko kugeza ubu, nta gihamya yizewe yigeze ibigaragaza.

    Lucrezia yari muntu ki?

    Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, Lucrezia yashakanye na Alfonso d’Este maze aba Duchess wa Ferrara.

    Yahindutse umurinzi w’abahanzi, abanditsi n’umuco, yubaka isura itandukanye cyane n’iyo yari yarahawe n’ibihuha.

    Abahanga benshi bo muri iki gihe bavuga ko Lucrezia ashobora kuba yarabaye umwe mu bagore basebejwe cyane n’amatangazo ya politiki yo mu gihe cye.

    Cesare we se?

    Cesare Borgia yakomeje kubaka ingabo zikomeye ndetse aba umwe mu banyapolitiki bateye ubwoba mu Butaliyani.

    Ndetse umwanditsi Niccolò Machiavelli yamufashe nk’urugero rw’umuyobozi ufite ubushobozi mu gitabo The Prince.

    Nubwo Cesare yashinjwaga ubwicanyi bwinshi n’ubugome, nta bimenyetso bifatika byigeze bimuhuza n’umubano w’ubusambanyi na mushiki we.

    Umwanzuro

    Inkuru ivuga ko Lucrezia Borgia na Cesare Borgia bari abasambanyi yakomeje kubaho imyaka myinshi kubera ko ari inkuru ikurura abantu.

    Ariko iyo dusubiye ku nyandiko zizewe z’amateka, dusanga ibyo bihuha bitigeze bibonera gihamya ifatika.

    Abashakashatsi benshi b’iki gihe bemeranya ko bishoboka cyane ko ibyo byari ubukangurambaga bwo guharabika umuryango wa Borgia, wari waragize abanzi benshi kubera imbaraga n’ubutegetsi wari ufite.

    Ni yo mpamvu kugeza n’ubu, ikibazo gikomeza kuba: Ese Lucrezia na Cesare bari koko abakundana mu ibanga, cyangwa amateka yabagize ibitambo by’ibihuha bya politiki? Icyo abahanga bemeranyaho ni uko nta gihamya yizewe yigeze ibyerekana.

  • IGIHE CYAWE IYO CYAGEZE KIBA CYAGEZE   #rwanda #RwOT

    Kagarara umaze kumenyekana nka Ashton Small yahawe igihembo cya miliyoni 5 Frw, mu bihembo bya Youth Connect bitangwa hagamijwe guteza imbere imishinga y'urubyiruko, aho yegukanye igihembo mu cyiciro cy'abafite ubumuga.

    Source : https://kasukumedia.com/igihe-cyawe-iyo-cyageze-kiba-cyageze/

  • Ngolo Kante byagenze gute? #rwanda #RwOT

    Nyuma y'uko u Bufaransa busezerewe mu Gikombe cy'Isi, byari bigoye kutibuka N'Golo Kanté.

    Mu byashobokaga kuba ari bwo Gikombe cy'Isi cye cya nyuma, yasoje irushanwa agaragaza isura yavugaga byinshi: agahinda, kwiheba no kumva atabonye amahirwe yo gufasha ikipe y'igihugu cye.

    Ntiyakinnye n'umunota n'umwe. Benshi bumva ko yahamagawe mu ikipe gusa kugira ngo huzuzwe inshingano, ariko ntiyahabwa umwanya n'uruhare yari akwiriye.

    Ku mukinnyi ukunzwe kubera kwicisha bugufi, kandi uzwi nka 'inseko y'umupira w'amaguru,' iri mu Gikombe cy'Isi ryamwambuye n'iyo nseko.

    Source : https://kasukumedia.com/ngolo-kante-byagenze-gute/

  • #rwanda #RwOT

    Marco Rubio ari kunengwa n'abatari bake bo mu muryango w'Abanyasomaliya, barimo n'Intumwa ya Rubanda Ilhan Omar, nyuma yo gutangaza ko Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zihagaritse inkunga zose zagenerwaga Somaliya.

    Rubio yagize ati:
    'Imfashanyo z'amahanga si impano. Ni amafaranga y'abasoreshwa bo muri Amerika, kandi agomba gukoreshwa mu guteza imbere inyungu z'igihugu cya Amerika.'

    Iri tangazo ryateje impaka n'uburakari mu barinenga, bavuga ko guhagarika iyo nkunga bishobora kurushaho gukomerera abasivili bo muri Somaliya.

    Ku ruhande rwa Rubio, avuga ko amafaranga y'abasoreshwa bo muri Amerika akwiriye gukoreshwa gusa igihe ayo mafaranga ateza imbere mu buryo bugaragara inyungu n'umutekano bya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

    Source : https://kasukumedia.com/14467-2/

  • Urwibutso ku munsi wa mbere wo kwiyamamariza kuyobora u Rwanda mu 2017 – #rwanda #RwOT

    Abari hagati ya 40 na 50 ni bo bari bagiye kumutega amatwi biganjemo abatwara amagare. Yababwiye ko yifuza kuzamura ubukungu, akagira n'uruhare mu guhanga imirimo. Amaze kubagezaho imigabo n'imigambi ye, umuturage umwe yaramubajije ati ' ko [Kagame] yaduhaye inka tukanywa amata tukamererwa neza, wowe uzaduha iki?'

    Mpayimana yaramusubije ati 'Navuga ko ibyiza biri imbere'.

    Perezida Kagame yatangiriye ibikorwa bye byo kwiyamamaza mu Majyepfo mu Karere ka Ruhango mu gihe Dr. Frank Habineza we yatangiriye i Rusizi mu Murenge wa Rugarama.

    Habineza yabwiye IGIHE ko uwo munsi ibikorwa byo kwiyamamaza byatinze gutangira ariko biza kurangira bigenze neza. Ati 'Byagenze neza tugaruka no mu Mujyi wa Kamembe naho turahiyamamariza bigenda neza. Ku munsi wakurikiyeho, twagiye i Nyamasheke na ho turahiyamamariza.'

    Ari mu Ruhango, Perezida Kagame yavuze ko u Rwanda rugomba kwihuta mu iterambere rukagera kure. Ati 'Turashaka kwihuta kandi tukagera kure. Ubwo ni ukuvuga ngo rero dufatanya ibintu bibiri. Bisaba umuntu umwe mu bikorwa bye gukora akihuta ariko kugira ngo tugere kure buri umwe ukora kandi yihuta turashaka ko ajyana n'undi. Turashaka kujyana twe. Turashaka kwihuta, turashaka kugera kure.'

    Habineza yasobanuye ko nubwo atatsinze amatora, iyo asubije amaso inyuma mu myaka icyenda ishize, asanga hari byinshi ishyaka rye ryaharaniye byagezweho.

    Ati 'Icyo gihe abantu bishyura mituweli bakamara ukwezi bativuza ndetse bamwe muri bo bakaba babura n'ubuzima, bakarwara cyane, ubwo twavugaga ko nibatugirira icyizere bakadutora umuntu azajya yishyura mituweli, yivuze uwo munsi, byabaga bimeze nk'inzozi ariko biza gukunda.'

    Yavuze ko mu bindi yifuzaga ko byahinduka, harimo ibijyanye n'imisoro y'ubutaka, ndetse n'ibyangombwa by'ubutaka ku buryo umuntu areka guhabwa icyangombwa kimara imyaka 20 ahubwo agahabwa icya burundu.

    Ati 'Nyuma leta iza gushyiraho itegeko ishyiramo n'ubutaka n'icyangombwa cya burundu igishyiramo n'imyaka irayongera iva kuri 20 igera kuri 99 yongerwa.'

    Kuva mu 2017, u Rwanda rwateye intambwe mu bikorwa remezo, ubukungu no kuzamura imibereho y'abaturage.

    Ingo zifite amashanyarazi zazamutse ziva kuri 34,4% mu 2017 zigera kuri 85,1% mu 2025. Ni mu gihe amashanyarazi yavuye kuri MW 208 agera kuri MW 467,142.

    Abanyarwanda bagerwaho n'amazi meza bageze kuri 90% mu 2024 bavuye kuri 87% mu 2017.

    Umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu wazamutse uva kuri miliyari 7.597 Frw mu 2017 ugera kuri miliyari 23.387 Frw mu 2025. Umusaruro kuri buri muturage na wo wavuye ku Madolari 774 ugera ku madolari 1.123,7.

    Ingengo y'imari y'igihugu yazamutse iva kuri miliyari 2.094,9 Frw mu 2017 igera kuri miliyari 7.796,3 Frw mu 2026.

    Ubushomeri mu rubyiruko bwagabanutse buva kuri 21,3% bugera kuri 14,7%. Imihanda ifite amatara yavuye kuri kilometero 663 igera kuri kilometero 2.160, naho umuyoboro wa fibre optique uva kuri kilometero 3.300 ugera kuri kilometero 15.700.

    Mu burezi, ibyumba by'amashuri byiyongereye biva ku bihumbi 46 bigera ku bihumbi 76. Umusaruro w'amata na wo wavuye kuri litiro ibihumbi 700 ugera kuri litiro zirenga miliyoni imwe.

    Mu buzima, impfu z'ababyeyi babyara zagabanutse ziva kuri 210 ku babyeyi ibihumbi 100 zigera ku bihumbi 149.

    Habineza ati 'Navuga ko iyo nsubije amaso inyuma za 2017 za 2018 kugeza uyu munsi mu 2026 twavuga ko politiki y'u Rwanda igenda iva ahantu hamwe hari hadashimishije ariko igenda ahashimishije noneho. Navuga ko twebwe tubona biri kugenda biba byiza binaduha n'imbaraga zo gukomeza gutera imbere.'

    Perezida Kagame ubwo yiyamamazaga mu 2017 yavuze ko kugira ngo u Rwanda rutere imbere Abanyarwanda bagomba gufatanya

    Abanyamuryango ba FPR-Inkotanyi ntibahwemye kugaragariza umukandida wabo ko bamuri inyuma

    Ari kwiyamamariza mu Ruhango mu 2017 Perezida Kagame yavuze ko u Rwanda rugomba kwihuta mu iterambere rukagera kure

    Mpayimana ubwo yiyamamazaga mu 2017 yavuze ko yifuza kuzamura ubukungu, akagira n'uruhare mu guhanga imirimo

    Mu 2017, Mpayimana yatangiriye ibikorwa bye byo kwiyamamaza i Nyamata ahari hateraniye abantu bake

    Dr. Frank Habineza mu 2017 mu kwiyamamaza yatangiriye i Rusizi mu Murenge wa Rugarama

    Source : http://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/urwibutso-ku-munsi-wa-mbere-wo-kwiyamamariza-kuyobora-u-rwanda-mu-2017