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Nyuma yo guhagarika Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yatwaye ubuzima bw’abasaga miliyoni imwe, kubaka no kwigisha ubumwe mu banyarwanda nibyo byimakajwe kugira ngo hirindwe ko hakongera kuba amacakubiri.

Nubwo ari ibyahise ariko umunyarwanda yagize ati “utazi iyo ava nta menya iyo ajya” ibi bivuze ko kugira ngo ugire icyo ugeraho cyangwa aho ugera ubanza kureba inyuma aho wavuye bitewe n’aho ugamije kugera.

Nta gushidikanya ko u Rwanda rwifuzaga kugera ku bumwe n’ubwiyunge bw’Abaturarwanda, ni yo mpamvu bagombaga kubanza kumenya ikibateza amacakubiri mu kuvugutira hamwe umuti urambye.

Amateka yakomeje kwigishwa mu mashuri ndetse mu bitabo by’amateka hongerwamo n’amateka ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda.

REB ivuga ko impamvu yo kongera iri somo mu mashuri ari ukugira ngo harebwe uburyo uburezi bwakoreshejwe mu gucamo Abanyarwanda ibice bwaba umuyoboro mwiza wo kongera kubaka umuryango nyarwanda wunze ubumwe.

Ati “Twifuza ko abana barangiza amashuri yisumbuye baba basobanukiwe neza impamvu zatumye Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ibaho, uburyo yakozwe kandi igakoranwa ubugome ndengakamere, ingaruka yagize ku gihugu no ku banyarwanda muri rusange. Kumenya inzira itoroshye u Rwanda rwanyuzemo rwongera kwiyubaka haba mu mibanire yari yarasenyutse kugera kuri zeru, mu bukungu nabwo bwari bwarasenywe kugera ku gipimo cyo hasi.”

Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa CNLG, Dr Bizimana Jean Damascène, aherutse gutangariza RBA ko amateka yigishwa mu mashuri hashingiwe ku myaka y’abana.

Yagize ati “Hari amateka akakaye, amateka ya Jenoside ntiwayigisha abana b’imyaka itanu itandatu, ni uguhera ku myaka 12 bamaze gusobanukirwa. Rero imikoranire hagati y’inzego irahari […] twari twatangiye guhugura abarimu, kandi tuzabikomeza kugira ngo nabo habe icyo kintu cyo kuganira tumenye aho bafite imbogamizi aho bafite ibibazo noneho za nzego zifatanye kugira ngo za mbogamizi zikemuke. ”

Yongeye gukomoza ku burezi abana bahabwa bari mu ngo avuga ko hakwiye ubufatanye n’inzego zitandukanye zirimo Minisiteri y’Iterambere ry’Umuryango n’Uburinganire; Unity Club; Komisiyo y’Ubumwe n’Ubwiyunge, amadini n’amatorero, ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze ndetse n’uruhari rw’ababyeyi.

Nubwo amateka yigishwa mu byiciro bitandukanye by’amashuri hagendewe ku myaka y’abana, Umuyobozi w’Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Uburezi bw’Ibanze mu Rwanda, Dr Mbarushimana Nelson, yavuze ko hagiye habamo imbogamizi zirimo n’abarimu bagorwa no gusobanura byimbitse ayo mateka.

Ati “Twasanze kwigisha isomo rya Jenoside bitaroroheraga abarimu. Impamvu zo ni nynshi ariko iz’ingenzi zishingiye ku mateka abarimu babayemo, abayirokotse ntibyoroshye gusubira muri ariya mateka, naho abandi ugasanga hari abafite abo mu miryango yabo bayigizemo uruhare bagira ipfunwe kubisobanura neza no kuyivugaho batabogamye.”

Hari n’imbogamizi zo kutigirira icyizere, ubumenyi buke ku barimu benshi bagaragazaga ko hari ibibazo bimwe batabasha gusubiza abana iyo bari kwigisha isomo rya Jenoside, hakaba n’abandi bahabwa kwigisha amateka batarayize bityo bikaba imbogamizi.

Abarimu bigisha amateka bashyiriweho uburyo buhoraho bw’amahugurwa

Abarenga 1500 bamaze guhugurwa…

Mu kurandura burundu izo mbogamizi zikigaragara mu kwigisha amateka ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu buryo bwimbitse, hateguwe gahunda zitandukanye zigamije kubakira abarimu ubushobozi no kubongerera ubumenyi.

Nko mu 2016, habayeho amahugurwa agamije kwigisha amahoro, gukemura amakimbirane no gukumira Jenoside, mu 2008 nabwo hari habayeho guhugura abarimu uko bigisha amateka y’u Rwanda, naho mu 2017 abarimu b’amateka bongeye guhugurwa ku mahoro n’uburezi bufite ireme.

N’ubwo ibyo byose byabayeho bigamije kongerera ubumenyi abigisha amateka mu mashuri, Dr Mbarushimana yavuze ko basanze bidahagije bityo bifashisha ku bahuriza hamwe.

Ati “Twasanze kandi n’iyo twabahugura bose, bitatanga umusaruro mwiza kuko baba badahuguriwe mu buryo bumwe bituma mu 2020 dufatanyije na Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’Itorero twarateguye itorero ry’abarimu bigisha amateka mu Rwanda hahugurwa abasaga 1617.”

Ku ruhande rwa CNLG, Dr Bizimana yavuze ko aya mahugurwa n’ibindi biganiro bihoraho n’abarimu bigisha amateka hagamijwe guhugura no gutinyura abarimu bakigisha ayo mateka bashize amanga.

Dr Mbarushimana yavuze ko bitewe n’uko intenganyanyigisho ihinduka buri myaka itanu hazarebwa uko isomo ry’Amateka ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ryarekwa kwigishwa nk’igice cyo mu isomo ry’amateka ahubwo naryo rikaba isomo ukwaryo.

Ati “Ni ibyo tuzabirebaho mu kuvugurura, tuzabirebaho turebe koko niba bitagenda gutyo cyane ko iyo integanyanyigisho itangiye kuvugururwa harebwa ibibazo byaba bihari, ibitekerezo bitangwa uko abanyeshuri biga cyangwa bigishwa ubwo hakagakorwa igikwiriye, ibyo tuzabirebaho ko bishobora gukorwa muri ubwo buryo.”

Yavuze ko mu gutegura integanyanyigisho kuri aya mateka, bakorana bya hafi na CNLG ibafasha kubona amateka acukumbuye cyane ko bo bakora ubushakashatsi kandi bandika n’ibitabo byinshi bivuga ku mateka ya Jenoside ndetse hakifashishwa n’inzobere mu mateka kandi zemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga.

Dr Mbarushimana ashimangira ko buri mwarimu wigisha amateka akwiye kugenzurwa ko yigisha neza kandi ko afite ubwo bumenyi bwo kwigisha iryo somo bigizwemo uruhare n’ubuyobozi bw’ibigo by’amashuri n’abashinzwe uburezi mu bice bitandukanye.

Ibi byongeye gushimangirwa na Dr Bizimana Jean Damascène wavuze ko mu mfashanyigisho hashobora kongerwamo ibintu runaka birimo kunoza imfashanyigisho bitewe n’ibintu bishya byaba byaje nyuma yo kuganirwaho n’impuguke muri izo nzego zose.

Abarimu bashyiriweho amahugurwa mu isomo ry’amateka kugira ngo barusheho kwigisha bashize amanga

Bigitangira, ikinyamakuru cya Washington Post cyatangaje inkuru ya Gretchen Baldwin, yari ifite umutwe uvuga ko “Leta y’u Rwanda iri gukoresha kwibuka Jenoside mu nyungu za politiki”.

Abongereza n’Abanyamerika, kimwe n’itangazamakuru ryabo ‘ryigenga’, basa nk’abiyemeje ko guhakana Jenoside ari imwe mu nzira zo kubaka ubwiyunge bw’Abanyarwanda. Banza ufate umwanya ubitekerezeho.

Nka Baldwin, ashingiye ku ‘bushakashatsi’ avuga ko yikoreye, yashimangiye imvugo ze ku rugendo rw’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge mu Rwanda, aho yatangiranye inkuru y’ikinyoma cy’uko “Nyuma ya y’intambara iteye ubwoba yabaye mu minsi 100 ya jenoside mu 1994, u Rwanda rwakuye amoko mu mategeko yarwo”, n’ubwo atigeze atangaza amategeko yahereyeho mu kwemeza uwo mwanzuro.

Impamvu atabigarutseho ni uko ‘nta tegeko mu Rwanda rikuraho amako’, nk’uko umushakashatsi ufite inkomoko mu Rwanda na Uganda, Frederick Golooba-Mutebi yabitangaje, ko ‘kuba Umuhutu cyangwa Umututsi mu Rwanda bidahanwa n’amategeko’.

Yaranditse ati “Ubu ikitemewe mu Rwanda ni uko uwo ari we wese yakore ubwoko bwe mu gushyira mu muhezo cyangwa gutesha agaciro abandi bantu. Cyangwa kuba umuntu yakoreshwa ubwoko bwe nk’icyatuma yumva ko afite ibyo akwiriye kurusha abandi, cyangwa afite uburenganzira bw’umwihariko, budafitwe n’ubundi bwoko bw’abantu”.

Kimwe mu bintu biteye agahinda u Rwanda ruzakomeza guhangana na byo, ni abantu bavuga ko ari inararibonye ku bibera mu bihugu byabo, bihaye no kwigira intyoza mu mateka y’u Rwanda badasobanukiwe, bagashaka kwinjiza mu Banyarwanda ibitekerezo bipfuye. Gusa Baldwin ntiyarekeye aho mu kwishyira hanze.

Mu nkuru ye, yageze ubwo anavuga ko kwibuka Jenoside ndetse no gutanga ubuhamya kw’abayirokotse, ari ukugambanira gahunda ya ‘Ndi Umunyarwanda’, kuko “Ubwoko ari bwo mutima w’ubuhamya, amakinamico ndetse n’imbwirwaruhame” [bitambutswa mu biganiro byo kwibuka Abazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994].

Ibi nanone ni ikindi kimenyetso cy’ubumenyi bucye Baldwin afite ku Rwanda. ‘Ndi Umunyarwanda’ ntiyigeze igenderera gukuraho amoko; ahubwo igamije gushimangira ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda, ari nabwo bazaheraho bongera kubaka igihugu cyabo.

Tekereza ubujiji buri mu cyifuzo cya Baldwin cy’uko abarokotse bazajya batanga ubuhamya bwabo batagaragaje impamvu itsinda ryabo ryahigwaga ngo rimarweho, bitagenda gutyo bakinumira kugira ngo ‘ubwiyunge’ bugerweho.

Ikindi gitangaje ni uko Baldwin atekereza ko hari ikintu kitagenda neza mu Rwanda kubera amahitamo y’Abanyarwanda yo kwanga gukoresha ijambo ‘Abahutu’, ahubwo hagakoreshwa ijambo ‘ry’abagize uruhare muri Jenoside’.

Bisa nk’aho atumva ko amahitamo yo gukoresha imvugo itandukanya abagize uruhare muri Jenoside n’Abahutu, ari kimwe mu bintu bisobanura neza Jenoside, kandi bikaba na kimwe mu bishyigikira gahunda y’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge kuko byereka buri wese ko atari Abahutu bose bagize uruhare muri Jenoside.

Baldwin kandi nyiyumva ko Leta za Amerika n’u Bwongereza, yanamaze kugaragaza imigambi yazo, zishobora kuba zifite uruhare mu bitero bigabwa ku bacitse ku icumu mu bihe byo kwibuka, binyuze mu gukwirakwiza ndetse no guha rugari ibikorwa byo guhakana Jenoside bicishwa mu nyandiko zo kwifatanya [n’u Rwanda mu bihe byo kwibuka], ndetse n’itangazamakuru, cyane cyane BBC y’u Bwongereza n’Ijwi rya Amerika ku ruhande rwa Amerika.

Jenoside ni ingingo ikomeye cyane ku buryo abantu badafite ubushobozi bwo kuyumva badakwiye kuyigarukaho, kugira ngo birinde kwijandika mu binyoma by’ubujiji birushaho kuyobya ababumva aho kubasobanurira neza uko ibintu byagenze.

Ariko icy’ingenzi cyane, ni uko umuntu udafite ubushobozi bwo kumva amahitamo y’Abanyarwanda adakwiye guhabwa urubuga rwo kuyasobanurira abantu batayazi.

Bimaze kugaragara ko ibyo Baldwin avuga bitumvikana, yagerageje guhindagura ibintu kugira ngo arebe ko hari aho byahurira. Nk’urugero, hari aho agira ati “Ibyo bikorwa byo kwibuka bigaragaza Abatutsi nk’abahigwaga ndetse n’abarokotse, akenshi byirengagiza Abahutu batari bashyigikiye Jenoside, [banahoze mu byiciro by’abibukwa], bakanicwa”.

Birumvikana ko nk’umushakashatsi, nk’uko abyiyita, yakabaye yaramenye imyanzuro y’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), ndetse n’imyanzuro y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku miterere n’imitegurire ya Jenoside hashingiwe ku bantu bahizwe ngo bicwe bamarweho.

Nk’uko tubyibuka mu ibaruwa yanditswe n’Uhagarariye u Rwanda mu Muryango w’Abibumbye (UN), ayandikira Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa UN kuwa 28 Mata 2020, Inteko y’ijurira ya ICTR, nko mu gihe ubushinjacyaha bwaburanaga na Karemera, Ngirumpatse na Nzirorera (mu rubanza rufite nimero ICTR-98-44-AR73 ©) yemeje ko “Ari ukuri kutagibwaho impaka ndetse ko bidasaba ibindi bimenyetso bidasanzwe” kugira ngo umuntu amenye ko “Hagati y’itariki ya 6 Mata na 17 Nyakanga, hari Jenoside mu Rwanda igamije kurandura ubwoko bw’Abatutsi”.

Bigomba rero kuba byumvikana neza kuri buri wese ushaka kwizerwa, akwiye kwemera ko nta bandi bagizweho ingaruka cyangwa abarokotse Jenoside batari mu itsinda ryari rigenderewe kugira ngo rimarweho.

Byongeye kandi, iyi baruwa igaragaza ko “U Rwanda rwagennye itariki ya 13 Mata nk’umunsi wo kwibuka abandi banyapolitiki kimwe n’abandi bantu batari mu itsinda ryahigwaga, ariko bishwe kuko barwanyije iyicwa ry’Abatutsi”. Muri macye, izi ngingo zombi ziruzuzanya.

Kwemera ko Jenoside yabayeho mu Rwanda yakorewe Abatutsi, ni ibihamya bikumira ko yazasubira kimwe no kugaragaza abandi bantu batari mu itsinda ryahigwaga, ariko umurava bagize wo kwitandukanya n’abagize uruhare muri Jenoside ukaba ukwiye kugarukwaho mu nzira yo kubaka ubumwe n’ubwiyunge.

U Bwongereza, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ndetse na Baldwin ntibumva aya mahame yoroshye kumva, ahubwo ubujiji bwabo kuri iyi ngingo buri gutiza umurindi abahakana Jenoside.

Niba itsinda Baldwin yita ‘Abahutu batagize uruhare muri Jenoside’ ryari rigambiriwe kwicwa, ntihari kubaho filime igaragaza Paul Rusesabagina, bivugwa ko atari ashyigikiye iyicwa ry’Abatutsi muri ibyo bihe, ari kurwana ku buzima bw’Abatutsi bari bahishe muri Hotel Milles Collines. Nawe ubwe yakabaye yarishwe bakimubona. Mu by’ukuri [abahakana] Jenoside si uko badafite ubwenge bwo gusobanukirwa ibyabayeho, gusa ntitwumva icyo bagamije muri ibyo bikorwa.

Ni ingenzi kwibukiranya ko ibi bikorwa byo guhakana Jenoside ari igice cya nyuma kigize icyaha cya Jenoside. Nk’uko abagize uruhare muri Jenoside bashinja RPF nayo kuyigiramo uruhare, na Baldwin ashinja Leta y’u Rwanda guhindura Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi igikoresho cya politiki kandi mu by’ukuri Imiryango Mpuzamahanga n’ibihugu, uretse u Bwongereza, Amerika n’ibinyakuru byabo, bigira uruhare mu kuniga ukuri ku mateka ya Jenoside ndetse no kwibuka, nk’uburyo bakoresha mu kwirinda isubirwamo rya Jenoside.

Mu yandi magambo, abafite umugambi wo guhakana Jenoside, nibo bayikoresha mu nyungu za politiki kandi ari ‘Ari ukuri kutagibwaho impaka ndetse ko bidasaba ibindi bimenyetso bidasanzwe, nk’uko inkiko mpuzamahanga zabyemeje. Rero abashyigikira ko Jenoside itazongera kubaho ukundi, bakagombye kumenya imyanzuro yafashwe n’inkiko ku birebana nayo.

Mu buryo bw’urwenya, nk’ubu u Bufaransa, buri kugarukwaho cyane ku ruhare bwagize muri Jenoside, busa nk’ubwasanzwe ibindi bihugu byiyemeje kurwanya ihakana rya Jenoside. Bitewe rero n’uko u Bwongereza na Amerika bihora byifuza kuziba icyuho cyashyizwe n’abandi, [kuri iyi nshuro bikaba ari u Bufaransa], basa nk’abiyemeje kongera kuziba icyo cyuho.

Impamvu ibi bihugu byafashe uyu murongo yakagombye kuzaba insanganyamatsiko y’ubushakashatsi bwa Baldwin mu bihe biri imbere.

U Bwongereza na Amerika bikomeje guhindura Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi imikino wa politiki

U Bushinwa nicyo gihugu cya mbere ku Isi mu kohereza mu kirere umwuka wa HFC, kuko bwonyine bwohereza mu kirere 70% by’uwo mwuka, mu gihe ibindi bihugu byo ku Isi byohereza 30%.

Amazerano ya Kigali yasinywe mu 2016, avugurura amazerano ya Montreal yari yasinywe mu 1987 muri Canada, agamije guteza imbere imibereho myiza ya muntu binyuze mu kugabanya iyangirika rya Ozone.

Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika nazo zari zimaze iminsi zitangaje ko zizasinya ayo masezerano, agamije kugabanya umwuka wa HFC woherezwa mu kirere ku kigero cya 80% mu myaka 30 iri imbere, ibyazagira ingaruka nziza kuko byazagabanya dogere Celsius 0.5 z’ubushyuhe ku Isi kugera nibura mu mpera z’iki kinyejana.

Ubusanzwe, umwuka wa HFC ukoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho bikonjesha, ku buryo byitezwe ko kugira ngo ugabanywe, bizasaba ko ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa mu byuma bikonjesha ritezwa imbere.

Ibi nabyo bizagira ingaruka nziza ku kirere kuko ibi byuma biri mu bikoresha umuriro w’amashanyarazi menshi, ku buryo rero nibihindurirwa ikoranabuhanga, bizatuma uwo muriro ugabanukaho 15% by’ukoreshwa wose ku Isi, bikagira ingaruka nziza ku Isi kuko bizatuma igiciro cyawo kigabanuka, ndetse n’umwuka wangiza ikirere uboneka mu ikorwa ry’amashanyarazi ukagabanuka cyane.

Amasezerano ya Kigali amaze kwemezwa n’ibihugu birenga 100 birimo n’u Rwanda rwayemeje rugikubita mu 2017. Ni amasezerano y’ingenzi cyane mu gukumira iyangirika ry’ikirere riterwa n’umwuka wa HFC, uza ku isonga mu kwangiza akayunguruzo ka Ozone.

Ibyuma bikonjesha biri mu bikoresho byohereza mu kirere umwuka mwinshi wa HFC

Iki cyegeranyo kigaragaza ko mu myaka itatu ishize kugeza muri Kamena 2020, amadosiye 949 ajyanye n’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside yinjiye mu bushinjacyaha, akurikiranywemo abantu 1172. Muri abo hari harimo abagore 288 bangana na 24,5% n’abagabo 884 bangana na 75,5%.

Intara y’Amajyepfo ni yo yagaragayemo amadosiye menshi y’Ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside kuko yihariye 262, muri dosiye zose zakurikiranywe n’Ubushinjacyaha.

Uturere twa Huye, Nyanza, Kamonyi, Nyamagabe na Ruhango turi mu 10 twa mbere mu kugira amadosiye y’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside muri iyo myaka itatu.

Umuyobozi w’Intara y’Amajyepfo, Kayitesi Alice, yavuze ko iyi ntara iri mu zashegeshwe cyane muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, ari nayo mpamvu usanga hari benshi mu bayigize bagifite ingengabitekerezo.

Mu kiganiro yagiranye na IGIHE, Guverineri Kayitesi yavuze ko binyuze mu biganiro bya Ndi Umunyarwanda n’ubukangurambaga butandukanye, batangiye kubona ko hari icyizere cy’uko abantu basobanukirwa amateka ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi n’ibibi by’ingengabitekerezo yayo.

Ati “Twashyize imbaraga cyane mu bijyanye no gushishikariza […] n’ubwo twakomwe mu nkokora n’iki cyorezo ariko hakoreshejwe amahuriro atandukanye mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga twakoze ibiganiro bya Ndi Umunyarwanda n’ubundi buryo bugamije kubaka ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda.”

Muri iyi ntara kandi hari ikindi kibazo kijyanye n’imanza za Gacaca aho nk’imitungo yangijwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi itigeze yishyurwa. Ibintu nabyo bizana urwicyekwe mu mibanire umuntu akumva atanyuzwe, atishimye yibaza uko ashobora kubana n’uwamwangirije, wamuhemukiye kandi ataramwishyuye.

Guverineri Kayitesi yavuze ko mu manza zisaga ibihumbi 340, izirenga ibihumbi 338 zararangijwe mu gihe imanza zigera muri 258 arizo zishobora kurangizwa mu bihe bya vuba kuko abishyurwa bahari n’abishyura.

Ati “Twumva kurangiza izo manza ari ikintu kizadufasha koko gukomeza gushishikariza abaturage bacu kubana neza bakabana mu mahoro ndetse na bya bibazo by’ingengabitekerezo bikagabanyuka.”

Itegeko ryo mu 2018 ryerekeranye n’icyaha cy’ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside n’ibyaha bifitanye isano na yo rivuga ko guhakana Jenoside bishingiye ku kuvuga cyangwa kugaragaza ko jenoside atari jenoside; kugoreka ukuri kuri jenoside agamije kuyobya rubanda; kwemeza ko mu Rwanda habaye jenoside ebyiri no kuvuga cyangwa kugaragaza ko Jenoside itateguwe.

Rikomeza rivuga ko gupfobya Jenoside bigizwe no kugabanya uburemere cyangwa ingaruka za jenoside; koroshya uburyo jenoside yakozwemo no kugaragaza imibare itari yo y’abazize Jenoside.

Uhamijwe icyaha cyo gupfobya Jenoside cyangwa kuyihakana kuri buri kimwe ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka itanu ariko kitarenze imyaka irindwi n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi y’ibihumbi magana atanu ariko atarenze miliyoni imwe.

Guverineri w’Intara y’Amajyepfo, Kayitesi Alice, yavuze ko ibiganiro bya Ndi Umunyarwanda biri gukorwa byitezweho gutanga umusanzu mu kurandura ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside