Webrwanda Backend

Tag: Amateka

  • Iyicwa rya Jules César muri Sena y’i Roma: Impamvu, umugambi n’ingaruka zahinduye amateka

     

    Ku itariki ya 15 Werurwe mu mwaka wa 44 mbere ya Yesu (Ides of March), umwe mu bayobozi bakomeye mu mateka ya Roma, Julius Caesar, yishwe n’itsinda ry’abasenateri mu nyubako ya Sena y’i Roma. Uru rupfu ntirwari gusa iyicwa ry’umuntu ukomeye, ahubwo rwabaye intandaro y’impinduka zikomeye zahinduye imiterere ya Repubulika y’Abaroma ndetse rugafungura inzira y’Ubwami bwa Roma.

    Impamvu zatumye Jules César yicwa

    1. Gutinya ko yari ahindutse umwami w’igitugu

    Mu gihe cye, Roma yari ikiri Repubulika, aho ubutegetsi bwagabanwaga hagati ya Sena n’abandi bayobozi batowe. Ariko nyuma y’intambara nyinshi no gutsinda abanzi ba Roma, César yabaye umuntu ukomeye kurusha abandi bose.

    Yahawe izina rya “Dictator Perpetuo” (umutegetsi w’ibihe byose), ibintu byatumye bamwe mu basenateri batinya ko ashaka kurandura Repubulika maze agahinduka umwami wuzuye ububasha.

    Abamurwanyaga babonaga ko ubutegetsi bwe bwari bugiye guhindura Roma igihugu kiyoborwa n’umuntu umwe aho kuba ubutegetsi bw’abaturage n’abanyacyubahiro.

    2. Guhangana hagati ya César n’abanyacyubahiro ba Sena

    César yari yaratsinze intambara y’abenegihugu yari imuhanganyijemo na Pompey the Great, wari ushyigikiwe n’abenshi mu basenateri.

    Nyuma yo gutsinda, César yatangiye gushyira mu bikorwa impinduka nyinshi:

    • kugabanya ububasha bwa Sena,
    • kongera umubare w’abasenateri bashyigikiye gahunda ze,
    • guha uburenganzira abantu benshi batuye mu bice byigaruriwe na Roma.

    Nubwo izo mpinduka zari zigamije kuvugurura igihugu, bamwe mu bakire n’abanyacyubahiro babibonaga nk’iterabwoba ku bubasha bwabo.

    3. Umugambi w’abitwa “Abakiza Repubulika”

    Itsinda ry’abasenateri ryari rigizwe n’abantu barenga 60 ryateguye umugambi wo kumwica. Abayobozi bakomeye muri uwo mugambi bari:

    • Marcus Junius Brutus,
    • Gaius Cassius Longinus.

    Biyitaga abantu barwaniraga gukiza Repubulika ya Roma, bavuga ko gukuraho César byari ngombwa kugira ngo Roma itajya mu butegetsi bw’umuntu umwe.

    Uko iyicwa ryabaye

    Ku munsi w’inama ya Sena, César yinjiye mu nyubako ya Sena nubwo hari abari bamuburiye ko hari akaga kamutegereje.

    Abagambanyi baramwegereye batangira kumutera ibyuma. Nubwo inkuru zakurikiyeho zivuga amagambo nka “Nawe Brutus?”, abahanga mu mateka bavuga ko atari ibintu byemejwe neza ko ayo magambo yaba yaravuzwe koko.

    César yaguye imbere y’igishushanyo cya Pompey, umuntu yari yaratsinze mu ntambara y’abenegihugu.

    Ingaruka zakurikiyeho

    1. Roma yinjiye mu yindi ntambara y’abenegihugu

    Abamwishe batekerezaga ko bazagarura Repubulika, ariko urupfu rwa César rwateje akaduruvayo gakomeye.

    Abashyigikiye César, bayobowe na:

    • Augustus (wari umwishywa we kandi yaratoranyijwe nk’umuzungura),
    • Mark Antony,

    bahagurukiye kurwanya abamwishe.

    Intambara zakurikiyeho zamaze imyaka myinshi kandi zarangiye Repubulika isenyutse.

    2. Abamwishe ntibabonye ibyo bifuzaga

    Nubwo bari bafite intego yo gusubiza ububasha Sena, umugambi wabo warabananiye.

    Abenshi mu bagize uruhare mu iyicwa rya César barishwe cyangwa biyahuye nyuma yo gutsindwa mu ntambara zakurikiyeho.

    3. Ivuka ry’Ubwami bwa Roma

    Icyatunguye benshi ni uko iyicwa rya César ryatumye Roma iva kuri Repubulika ijya ku butegetsi bw’umwami.

    Nyuma yo gutsinda abo bahanganye, Augustus yabaye umutegetsi wa mbere wa Roma mu mwaka wa 27 mbere ya Yesu, atangiza igihe cy’Ubwami bwa Roma.

    Mu buryo butangaje, abishe César bavuga ko barwaniraga gukiza Repubulika ni bo bagize uruhare mu kuyirangiza burundu.

    4. César yabaye ikimenyetso cy’ubutegetsi n’ubushobozi

    Nubwo yapfuye, izina rye ryakomeje kugira imbaraga. Izina Caesar ryaje gukoreshwa nk’izina ry’abami mu bice bitandukanye by’isi, harimo:

    • “Kaiser” mu Budage,
    • “Tsar” mu Burusiya.

    Iyicwa rya Jules César ntiryabaye gusa igikorwa cyo gukuraho umutegetsi wari ukomeye. Ryagaragaje amakimbirane akomeye hagati y’icyifuzo cyo kurinda Repubulika n’ukuri ko Roma yari imaze kuba ubwami buyoborwa n’abantu bake bafite imbaraga.

    Abasenateri bamwishe batekerezaga ko barimo gukiza Roma, ariko ibikorwa byabo byahinduye amateka mu buryo butandukanye: aho kugarura Repubulika, byafunguye inzira y’ubutegetsi bw’abami bwamaze imyaka irenga 500.

  • Impamvu Rodrigo Borgia ari umwe mu bapapa batavugwaho rumwe kurusha abandi

     

    Rodrigo Borgia, wamenyekanye nka Papa Alexandre VI, yayoboye Kiliziya Gatolika kuva mu 1492 kugeza mu 1503. Mu mateka ya Kiliziya, akunze kuvugwa nk’umwe mu bapapa bateje impaka kurusha abandi. Nubwo hari ibivugwa kuri we byagiye bikabirizwa cyangwa bikandikwa n’abanzi be ba politiki, hari n’ibintu byinshi byemejwe n’amateka byatumye izina rye riba ikimenyetso cy’ubutegetsi bushingiye ku nyungu bwite.

    Kugura amajwi kugira ngo abe Papa

    Kimwe mu bintu byamukurikiye ubuzima bwe bwose ni uko bivugwa ko yabaye Papa nyuma yo kugura amajwi ya bamwe mu bakaridinali. Muri icyo gihe, kugurisha cyangwa kugura imyanya ya Kiliziya (Simoniya) byari ikibazo gikomeye. Nubwo hari impaka ku bimenyetso bihari, amateka menshi agaragaza ko amasezerano ya politiki n’impano zikomeye byagize uruhare mu itorwa rye.

    Gushyira umuryango we imbere

    Alexandre VI ni umwe mu bapapa bazwi cyane kubera icyiswe nepotism, ari bwo guha abo mu muryango imyanya ikomeye.

    Yahaye umuhungu we Cesare Borgia ubukaridinali akiri muto, nyuma amusigira ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare. Umukobwa we Lucrezia Borgia yamukoresheje mu gushaka ubumwe bwa politiki binyuze mu bashakanye be bagiye batandukana. Abandi bo mu muryango wa Borgia na bo bahawe imyanya ikomeye muri Kiliziya no mu butegetsi bw’i Roma.

    Kurenza ku ndahiro y’ubusugi

    Nk’umupadiri n’umwepisikopi mbere yo kuba Papa, Rodrigo Borgia yari yarahize kutarongora. Nyamara, yabyaranye n’abagore batandukanye abana benshi, kandi ntiyabihishaga cyane nk’abandi bapadiri bo muri icyo gihe.

    Mu bana be bazwi harimo Cesare Borgia, Juan Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia na Gioffre Borgia. Kuba Papa yarabaga mu buzima bunyuranye n’amahame yigishaga byatumye abantu benshi batakaza icyizere mu buyobozi bwa Kiliziya.

    Ibirego by’ubwicanyi n’uburozi

    Hari inkuru nyinshi zivuga ko Rodrigo Borgia n’umuryango we bishe abo bahiganwaga na bo bakoresheje uburozi cyangwa ubwicanyi bwateguwe.

    Ariko abashakashatsi b’iki gihe bagaragaza ko ibyinshi muri ibyo birego bishingiye ku nyandiko z’abanzi ba politiki b’Aborgia, bityo bikaba bitarigeze bihabwa ibimenyetso simusiga. Nubwo izo nkuru zakwirakwiriye cyane, amateka yizewe asaba kuzifata ubwitonzi kuko zimwe zashoboraga kuba zarahimbwe hagamijwe gusebya uwo muryango.

    Gukoresha ubupapa nk’igikoresho cya politiki

    Muri we, ubupapa ntibwari gusa ubuyobozi bw’idini, ahubwo bwabaye n’igikoresho cyo kubaka ubutegetsi bw’umuryango wa Borgia mu Butaliyani.

    Yakomeje kugirana amasezerano n’abami n’abatware b’i Burayi, akoresha ubutware bwa Kiliziya mu kurengera inyungu z’umuryango we kurusha iz’itorero. Abanditsi benshi b’amateka bamufata nk’umwe mu bapapa bagaragaje neza uburyo ubutegetsi bwa Kiliziya bwari bwarivanze cyane na politiki mu gihe cya Renaissance.

    Hari ibyo yakoze neza?

    Nubwo azwi cyane kubera amahano, amateka agaragaza ko Alexandre VI yakoze n’ibintu bifatika.

    Yashyigikiye ubuhanzi n’ubwubatsi i Roma, afasha mu mishinga yo kuvugurura inyubako za Vatikani. Ni no ku ngoma ye hasohotse inyandiko za Papa zagennye uburyo Espagne na Portugal zagombaga kugabana ubutaka bushya bwari bumaze kuvumburwa muri Amerika, icyemezo cyagize ingaruka zikomeye ku mateka y’isi.

    Umwanzuro

    Rodrigo Borgia ntiyabaye Papa wanzwe gusa kubera ubuzima bwe bwite, ahubwo yanenzwe kubera guhindura ubuyobozi bwa Kiliziya uburyo bwo gushimangira ubutegetsi n’inyungu z’umuryango we. Ariko kandi, abashakashatsi b’iki gihe bemeranya ko hari inkuru nyinshi zamwitiririwe zashoboraga kuba zarakabijwe cyangwa zigahimbwa n’abanzi be ba politiki.

    Icyo benshi bahurizaho ni uko Papa Alexandre VI ari umwe mu bantu basize amateka akomeye kandi ateye impaka kurusha abandi bose bayoboye Kiliziya Gatolika.

  • Jeanne la Folle: Umwamikazi Amateka Ashobora Kuba Yarenganyije

     

    Iyo wumvise izina Jeanne la Folle cyangwa Juana la Loca mu rurimi rw’Icyesipanyoli, benshi bahita batekereza umugore wafungiwe mu gihome, wasaze azize urukundo rw’umugabo we wapfuye. Mu bitabo byinshi by’amateka, yagaragajwe nk’umwamikazi watakaje ubwenge.

    Ariko se koko ni ko byari bimeze?

    Iyo usesenguye amateka ya Jeanne I wa Castile, usanga inkuru ye irenze kure izina yiswe. Hari benshi mu bahanga bemeza ko ashobora kuba atari yarasaze nk’uko amateka yakomeje kubivuga, ahubwo ko yabaye igitambo cya politiki n’intambara zo gushaka ubutegetsi.

    Umwamikazi wari ufite ubushobozi budasanzwe

    Jeanne yavutse mu mwaka wa 1479. Yari yarize neza, azi indimi nyinshi kandi yari afite ubumenyi mu bya dipolomasi n’imiyoborere. Yari yitezweho kuyobora ubwami bwa Castile, bumwe mu bwari bukomeye cyane ku mugabane w’u Burayi muri icyo gihe.

    Nyamara, kuva akiri muto, yatangiye kuvugwaho ko afite imyitwarire idasanzwe. Ibyo byaturukaga ahanini ku kuba yari umuntu ugaragaza amarangamutima ye nta kwihishanya, ibintu bitari bisanzwe ku bagore bo mu muryango w’abami muri icyo gihe.

    Urukundo rwahinduye amateka

    Jeanne yashakanye na Philip le Beau (Philip the Handsome), wari uzwiho guca inyuma umugore we kenshi. Nubwo yababazwaga n’iyo myitwarire, yakomeje kumukunda no kumubera indahemuka.

    Mu mwaka wa 1506, Philip yapfuye mu buryo butunguranye. Jeanne yagize agahinda gakomeye cyane. Inkuru zakwirakwijwe zivuga ko yanze gutandukanywa n’umurambo w’umugabo we, ibintu byatumye benshi batangira kuvuga ko yasaze.

    Ariko se, kugira agahinda gakabije nyuma yo kubura uwo wakundaga byaba bihagije kugira ngo umuntu yitwe umusazi?

    Abasesenguzi bamwe bavuga ko amarangamutima ya Jeanne yakoreshejwe nk’urwitwazo rwo kumwambura ububasha.

    Politiki ishobora kuba yaramurenganyije

    Se wa Jeanne, Ferdinand wa Aragon, ndetse nyuma n’umuhungu we Charles V, bombi bungukiye ku kuba Jeanne yarafatwaga nk’udafite ubushobozi bwo gutegeka.

    Mu gihe abantu bakomezaga kumwita “umusazi”, ni bo bakomeje kuyobora ubwami mu izina rye.

    Nubwo bamwe bavugaga ko yagiraga ihindagurika ry’amarangamutima, nta bimenyetso bifatika byerekana ko yaba yarakoze ibyaha, yateguye umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi cyangwa ngo ateze igihugu umutekano muke. Icyakora yafungiwe imyaka myinshi, atandukanywa n’ubuzima bwa politiki.

    Ese Jeanne yari umusazi cyangwa yarahohotewe n’amateka?

    Uyu munsi, amateka akomeje gusubirwamo n’abashakashatsi benshi. Hari abemeza ko Jeanne ashobora kuba yarabaye igitambo cy’amarushanwa y’ubutegetsi kurusha uko yari umurwayi wo mu mutwe.

    Inkuru ye itwibutsa ko amateka akunze kwandikwa n’abatsinze, kandi ko rimwe na rimwe amazina abantu bahabwa ashobora kudahuza n’ukuri kw’ibyababayeho.

    Nubwo amateka yamwise “Jeanne la Folle” cyangwa “Jeanne Umusazi”, hari impamvu zituma benshi batekereza ko yari umugore wakunze byimazeyo, akababara bikomeye, hanyuma politiki ikamuhindura uwo atari we.

    Inkuru ya Jeanne ikomeza kwibutsa ko rimwe na rimwe ukuri kwihishe inyuma y’ibivugwa n’amateka kurushaho gushimisha kandi kukababaza kurusha imigani yamwamamaje.