Webrwanda Backend

Tag: Amateka

  • Lucrezia Borgia na Cesare Borgia: Ese koko bari bafite umubano w’ibanga? Ukuri n’ibinyoma byaranze umwe mu miryango yavuzwe cyane mu mateka

    Lucrezia Borgia na Cesare Borgia: Ese koko bari bafite umubano w’ibanga? Ukuri n’ibinyoma byaranze umwe mu miryango yavuzwe cyane mu mateka

    Iyo havuzwe izina Borgia, abantu benshi bahita batekereza uburozi, ubwicanyi, ubutegetsi ndetse n’ibihuha by’ubusambanyi bwavuzwe hagati ya Lucrezia Borgia na musaza we Cesare Borgia. Ariko se, ibyo bihuha byari ukuri cyangwa byari intwaro y’abanzi babo?

    Uyu ni umwe mu migani n’impaka byakomeje kuvugisha isi imyaka isaga 500.

    Umuryango watinywaga n’u Burayi bwose

    Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 15, Rodrigo Borgia yabaye Papa Alexander VI. Kuba yari Papa ariko afite abana benshi byonyine byari impamvu yo kunengwa.

    Mu bana be, Cesare Borgia yari umusirikare n’umunyapolitiki utinyitse, mu gihe Lucrezia Borgia yari azwiho ubwiza, ubwenge n’ubushobozi bwo kugirana imishyikirano ya dipolomasi.

    Aba bombi bakoranaga cyane mu nyungu z’umuryango wa Borgia, ibintu byatumye benshi batangira kubakekaho umubano udasanzwe.

    Ni hehe ibihuha byatangiriye?

    Mu 1497, murumuna wabo Giovanni Borgia yishwe mu buryo butarasobanuka kugeza n’ubu.

    Hari abakekaga ko Cesare ari we wamwishe kugira ngo akomeze inzira ye ya politiki.

    Muri icyo gihe kandi, Lucrezia yakundaga kugaragara hafi ya se na musaza we mu nama z’ibanga n’ibyemezo bya politiki, ibintu byatumye abanzi b’umuryango wa Borgia batangira gukwirakwiza inkuru zivuga ko atari umubano usanzwe w’abavandimwe.

    Nyuma y’uko ishyingiranwa rya mbere rya Lucrezia riseshwe, ibihuha byarushijeho gukwira hose, bamwe bavuga ko yari atwite inda y’umuntu utazwi, abandi bavuga ko se cyangwa musaza we ari bo bayiteye.

    Ese hari ibimenyetso bifatika?

    Nubwo ibyo bihuha byakwirakwijwe cyane, abashakashatsi benshi b’amateka bavuga ko nta kimenyetso cyizewe cyigeze kibyemeza.

    Nta nyandiko y’icyo gihe yizewe yerekana ko Lucrezia na Cesare bagiranye umubano w’urukundo cyangwa w’imibonano mpuzabitsina.

    Ahanini amakuru yaturukaga ku bantu bari abanzi ba Papa Alexander VI cyangwa ku banyapolitiki bashakaga gutesha agaciro umuryango wa Borgia.

    Mu gihe cy’u Butaliyani bwo mu kinyejana cya 15, gukoresha ibihuha nk’intwaro ya politiki byari ibintu bisanzwe.

    “Infans Romanus” – Umwana wasize amayobera

    Kimwe mu bintu byongereye ibyo bihuha ni umwana witwaga Giovanni Borgia, uzwi nka Infans Romanus.

    Papa Alexander VI yasohoye inyandiko ebyiri zitandukanye: imwe ivuga ko uwo mwana ari uwe, indi ikavuga ko ari uwa Cesare.

    Uku kunyuranya kwatumye abantu benshi batangira guhimba ko uwo mwana ashobora kuba yari uwa Lucrezia.

    Ariko kugeza ubu, nta gihamya yizewe yigeze ibigaragaza.

    Lucrezia yari muntu ki?

    Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, Lucrezia yashakanye na Alfonso d’Este maze aba Duchess wa Ferrara.

    Yahindutse umurinzi w’abahanzi, abanditsi n’umuco, yubaka isura itandukanye cyane n’iyo yari yarahawe n’ibihuha.

    Abahanga benshi bo muri iki gihe bavuga ko Lucrezia ashobora kuba yarabaye umwe mu bagore basebejwe cyane n’amatangazo ya politiki yo mu gihe cye.

    Cesare we se?

    Cesare Borgia yakomeje kubaka ingabo zikomeye ndetse aba umwe mu banyapolitiki bateye ubwoba mu Butaliyani.

    Ndetse umwanditsi Niccolò Machiavelli yamufashe nk’urugero rw’umuyobozi ufite ubushobozi mu gitabo The Prince.

    Nubwo Cesare yashinjwaga ubwicanyi bwinshi n’ubugome, nta bimenyetso bifatika byigeze bimuhuza n’umubano w’ubusambanyi na mushiki we.

    Umwanzuro

    Inkuru ivuga ko Lucrezia Borgia na Cesare Borgia bari abasambanyi yakomeje kubaho imyaka myinshi kubera ko ari inkuru ikurura abantu.

    Ariko iyo dusubiye ku nyandiko zizewe z’amateka, dusanga ibyo bihuha bitigeze bibonera gihamya ifatika.

    Abashakashatsi benshi b’iki gihe bemeranya ko bishoboka cyane ko ibyo byari ubukangurambaga bwo guharabika umuryango wa Borgia, wari waragize abanzi benshi kubera imbaraga n’ubutegetsi wari ufite.

    Ni yo mpamvu kugeza n’ubu, ikibazo gikomeza kuba: Ese Lucrezia na Cesare bari koko abakundana mu ibanga, cyangwa amateka yabagize ibitambo by’ibihuha bya politiki? Icyo abahanga bemeranyaho ni uko nta gihamya yizewe yigeze ibyerekana.

  • Iyicwa rya Jules César muri Sena y’i Roma: Impamvu, umugambi n’ingaruka zahinduye amateka

     

    Ku itariki ya 15 Werurwe mu mwaka wa 44 mbere ya Yesu (Ides of March), umwe mu bayobozi bakomeye mu mateka ya Roma, Julius Caesar, yishwe n’itsinda ry’abasenateri mu nyubako ya Sena y’i Roma. Uru rupfu ntirwari gusa iyicwa ry’umuntu ukomeye, ahubwo rwabaye intandaro y’impinduka zikomeye zahinduye imiterere ya Repubulika y’Abaroma ndetse rugafungura inzira y’Ubwami bwa Roma.

    Impamvu zatumye Jules César yicwa

    1. Gutinya ko yari ahindutse umwami w’igitugu

    Mu gihe cye, Roma yari ikiri Repubulika, aho ubutegetsi bwagabanwaga hagati ya Sena n’abandi bayobozi batowe. Ariko nyuma y’intambara nyinshi no gutsinda abanzi ba Roma, César yabaye umuntu ukomeye kurusha abandi bose.

    Yahawe izina rya “Dictator Perpetuo” (umutegetsi w’ibihe byose), ibintu byatumye bamwe mu basenateri batinya ko ashaka kurandura Repubulika maze agahinduka umwami wuzuye ububasha.

    Abamurwanyaga babonaga ko ubutegetsi bwe bwari bugiye guhindura Roma igihugu kiyoborwa n’umuntu umwe aho kuba ubutegetsi bw’abaturage n’abanyacyubahiro.

    2. Guhangana hagati ya César n’abanyacyubahiro ba Sena

    César yari yaratsinze intambara y’abenegihugu yari imuhanganyijemo na Pompey the Great, wari ushyigikiwe n’abenshi mu basenateri.

    Nyuma yo gutsinda, César yatangiye gushyira mu bikorwa impinduka nyinshi:

    • kugabanya ububasha bwa Sena,
    • kongera umubare w’abasenateri bashyigikiye gahunda ze,
    • guha uburenganzira abantu benshi batuye mu bice byigaruriwe na Roma.

    Nubwo izo mpinduka zari zigamije kuvugurura igihugu, bamwe mu bakire n’abanyacyubahiro babibonaga nk’iterabwoba ku bubasha bwabo.

    3. Umugambi w’abitwa “Abakiza Repubulika”

    Itsinda ry’abasenateri ryari rigizwe n’abantu barenga 60 ryateguye umugambi wo kumwica. Abayobozi bakomeye muri uwo mugambi bari:

    • Marcus Junius Brutus,
    • Gaius Cassius Longinus.

    Biyitaga abantu barwaniraga gukiza Repubulika ya Roma, bavuga ko gukuraho César byari ngombwa kugira ngo Roma itajya mu butegetsi bw’umuntu umwe.

    Uko iyicwa ryabaye

    Ku munsi w’inama ya Sena, César yinjiye mu nyubako ya Sena nubwo hari abari bamuburiye ko hari akaga kamutegereje.

    Abagambanyi baramwegereye batangira kumutera ibyuma. Nubwo inkuru zakurikiyeho zivuga amagambo nka “Nawe Brutus?”, abahanga mu mateka bavuga ko atari ibintu byemejwe neza ko ayo magambo yaba yaravuzwe koko.

    César yaguye imbere y’igishushanyo cya Pompey, umuntu yari yaratsinze mu ntambara y’abenegihugu.

    Ingaruka zakurikiyeho

    1. Roma yinjiye mu yindi ntambara y’abenegihugu

    Abamwishe batekerezaga ko bazagarura Repubulika, ariko urupfu rwa César rwateje akaduruvayo gakomeye.

    Abashyigikiye César, bayobowe na:

    • Augustus (wari umwishywa we kandi yaratoranyijwe nk’umuzungura),
    • Mark Antony,

    bahagurukiye kurwanya abamwishe.

    Intambara zakurikiyeho zamaze imyaka myinshi kandi zarangiye Repubulika isenyutse.

    2. Abamwishe ntibabonye ibyo bifuzaga

    Nubwo bari bafite intego yo gusubiza ububasha Sena, umugambi wabo warabananiye.

    Abenshi mu bagize uruhare mu iyicwa rya César barishwe cyangwa biyahuye nyuma yo gutsindwa mu ntambara zakurikiyeho.

    3. Ivuka ry’Ubwami bwa Roma

    Icyatunguye benshi ni uko iyicwa rya César ryatumye Roma iva kuri Repubulika ijya ku butegetsi bw’umwami.

    Nyuma yo gutsinda abo bahanganye, Augustus yabaye umutegetsi wa mbere wa Roma mu mwaka wa 27 mbere ya Yesu, atangiza igihe cy’Ubwami bwa Roma.

    Mu buryo butangaje, abishe César bavuga ko barwaniraga gukiza Repubulika ni bo bagize uruhare mu kuyirangiza burundu.

    4. César yabaye ikimenyetso cy’ubutegetsi n’ubushobozi

    Nubwo yapfuye, izina rye ryakomeje kugira imbaraga. Izina Caesar ryaje gukoreshwa nk’izina ry’abami mu bice bitandukanye by’isi, harimo:

    • “Kaiser” mu Budage,
    • “Tsar” mu Burusiya.

    Iyicwa rya Jules César ntiryabaye gusa igikorwa cyo gukuraho umutegetsi wari ukomeye. Ryagaragaje amakimbirane akomeye hagati y’icyifuzo cyo kurinda Repubulika n’ukuri ko Roma yari imaze kuba ubwami buyoborwa n’abantu bake bafite imbaraga.

    Abasenateri bamwishe batekerezaga ko barimo gukiza Roma, ariko ibikorwa byabo byahinduye amateka mu buryo butandukanye: aho kugarura Repubulika, byafunguye inzira y’ubutegetsi bw’abami bwamaze imyaka irenga 500.

  • Impamvu Rodrigo Borgia ari umwe mu bapapa batavugwaho rumwe kurusha abandi

     

    Rodrigo Borgia, wamenyekanye nka Papa Alexandre VI, yayoboye Kiliziya Gatolika kuva mu 1492 kugeza mu 1503. Mu mateka ya Kiliziya, akunze kuvugwa nk’umwe mu bapapa bateje impaka kurusha abandi. Nubwo hari ibivugwa kuri we byagiye bikabirizwa cyangwa bikandikwa n’abanzi be ba politiki, hari n’ibintu byinshi byemejwe n’amateka byatumye izina rye riba ikimenyetso cy’ubutegetsi bushingiye ku nyungu bwite.

    Kugura amajwi kugira ngo abe Papa

    Kimwe mu bintu byamukurikiye ubuzima bwe bwose ni uko bivugwa ko yabaye Papa nyuma yo kugura amajwi ya bamwe mu bakaridinali. Muri icyo gihe, kugurisha cyangwa kugura imyanya ya Kiliziya (Simoniya) byari ikibazo gikomeye. Nubwo hari impaka ku bimenyetso bihari, amateka menshi agaragaza ko amasezerano ya politiki n’impano zikomeye byagize uruhare mu itorwa rye.

    Gushyira umuryango we imbere

    Alexandre VI ni umwe mu bapapa bazwi cyane kubera icyiswe nepotism, ari bwo guha abo mu muryango imyanya ikomeye.

    Yahaye umuhungu we Cesare Borgia ubukaridinali akiri muto, nyuma amusigira ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare. Umukobwa we Lucrezia Borgia yamukoresheje mu gushaka ubumwe bwa politiki binyuze mu bashakanye be bagiye batandukana. Abandi bo mu muryango wa Borgia na bo bahawe imyanya ikomeye muri Kiliziya no mu butegetsi bw’i Roma.

    Kurenza ku ndahiro y’ubusugi

    Nk’umupadiri n’umwepisikopi mbere yo kuba Papa, Rodrigo Borgia yari yarahize kutarongora. Nyamara, yabyaranye n’abagore batandukanye abana benshi, kandi ntiyabihishaga cyane nk’abandi bapadiri bo muri icyo gihe.

    Mu bana be bazwi harimo Cesare Borgia, Juan Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia na Gioffre Borgia. Kuba Papa yarabaga mu buzima bunyuranye n’amahame yigishaga byatumye abantu benshi batakaza icyizere mu buyobozi bwa Kiliziya.

    Ibirego by’ubwicanyi n’uburozi

    Hari inkuru nyinshi zivuga ko Rodrigo Borgia n’umuryango we bishe abo bahiganwaga na bo bakoresheje uburozi cyangwa ubwicanyi bwateguwe.

    Ariko abashakashatsi b’iki gihe bagaragaza ko ibyinshi muri ibyo birego bishingiye ku nyandiko z’abanzi ba politiki b’Aborgia, bityo bikaba bitarigeze bihabwa ibimenyetso simusiga. Nubwo izo nkuru zakwirakwiriye cyane, amateka yizewe asaba kuzifata ubwitonzi kuko zimwe zashoboraga kuba zarahimbwe hagamijwe gusebya uwo muryango.

    Gukoresha ubupapa nk’igikoresho cya politiki

    Muri we, ubupapa ntibwari gusa ubuyobozi bw’idini, ahubwo bwabaye n’igikoresho cyo kubaka ubutegetsi bw’umuryango wa Borgia mu Butaliyani.

    Yakomeje kugirana amasezerano n’abami n’abatware b’i Burayi, akoresha ubutware bwa Kiliziya mu kurengera inyungu z’umuryango we kurusha iz’itorero. Abanditsi benshi b’amateka bamufata nk’umwe mu bapapa bagaragaje neza uburyo ubutegetsi bwa Kiliziya bwari bwarivanze cyane na politiki mu gihe cya Renaissance.

    Hari ibyo yakoze neza?

    Nubwo azwi cyane kubera amahano, amateka agaragaza ko Alexandre VI yakoze n’ibintu bifatika.

    Yashyigikiye ubuhanzi n’ubwubatsi i Roma, afasha mu mishinga yo kuvugurura inyubako za Vatikani. Ni no ku ngoma ye hasohotse inyandiko za Papa zagennye uburyo Espagne na Portugal zagombaga kugabana ubutaka bushya bwari bumaze kuvumburwa muri Amerika, icyemezo cyagize ingaruka zikomeye ku mateka y’isi.

    Umwanzuro

    Rodrigo Borgia ntiyabaye Papa wanzwe gusa kubera ubuzima bwe bwite, ahubwo yanenzwe kubera guhindura ubuyobozi bwa Kiliziya uburyo bwo gushimangira ubutegetsi n’inyungu z’umuryango we. Ariko kandi, abashakashatsi b’iki gihe bemeranya ko hari inkuru nyinshi zamwitiririwe zashoboraga kuba zarakabijwe cyangwa zigahimbwa n’abanzi be ba politiki.

    Icyo benshi bahurizaho ni uko Papa Alexandre VI ari umwe mu bantu basize amateka akomeye kandi ateye impaka kurusha abandi bose bayoboye Kiliziya Gatolika.

  • Jeanne la Folle: Umwamikazi Amateka Ashobora Kuba Yarenganyije

     

    Iyo wumvise izina Jeanne la Folle cyangwa Juana la Loca mu rurimi rw’Icyesipanyoli, benshi bahita batekereza umugore wafungiwe mu gihome, wasaze azize urukundo rw’umugabo we wapfuye. Mu bitabo byinshi by’amateka, yagaragajwe nk’umwamikazi watakaje ubwenge.

    Ariko se koko ni ko byari bimeze?

    Iyo usesenguye amateka ya Jeanne I wa Castile, usanga inkuru ye irenze kure izina yiswe. Hari benshi mu bahanga bemeza ko ashobora kuba atari yarasaze nk’uko amateka yakomeje kubivuga, ahubwo ko yabaye igitambo cya politiki n’intambara zo gushaka ubutegetsi.

    Umwamikazi wari ufite ubushobozi budasanzwe

    Jeanne yavutse mu mwaka wa 1479. Yari yarize neza, azi indimi nyinshi kandi yari afite ubumenyi mu bya dipolomasi n’imiyoborere. Yari yitezweho kuyobora ubwami bwa Castile, bumwe mu bwari bukomeye cyane ku mugabane w’u Burayi muri icyo gihe.

    Nyamara, kuva akiri muto, yatangiye kuvugwaho ko afite imyitwarire idasanzwe. Ibyo byaturukaga ahanini ku kuba yari umuntu ugaragaza amarangamutima ye nta kwihishanya, ibintu bitari bisanzwe ku bagore bo mu muryango w’abami muri icyo gihe.

    Urukundo rwahinduye amateka

    Jeanne yashakanye na Philip le Beau (Philip the Handsome), wari uzwiho guca inyuma umugore we kenshi. Nubwo yababazwaga n’iyo myitwarire, yakomeje kumukunda no kumubera indahemuka.

    Mu mwaka wa 1506, Philip yapfuye mu buryo butunguranye. Jeanne yagize agahinda gakomeye cyane. Inkuru zakwirakwijwe zivuga ko yanze gutandukanywa n’umurambo w’umugabo we, ibintu byatumye benshi batangira kuvuga ko yasaze.

    Ariko se, kugira agahinda gakabije nyuma yo kubura uwo wakundaga byaba bihagije kugira ngo umuntu yitwe umusazi?

    Abasesenguzi bamwe bavuga ko amarangamutima ya Jeanne yakoreshejwe nk’urwitwazo rwo kumwambura ububasha.

    Politiki ishobora kuba yaramurenganyije

    Se wa Jeanne, Ferdinand wa Aragon, ndetse nyuma n’umuhungu we Charles V, bombi bungukiye ku kuba Jeanne yarafatwaga nk’udafite ubushobozi bwo gutegeka.

    Mu gihe abantu bakomezaga kumwita “umusazi”, ni bo bakomeje kuyobora ubwami mu izina rye.

    Nubwo bamwe bavugaga ko yagiraga ihindagurika ry’amarangamutima, nta bimenyetso bifatika byerekana ko yaba yarakoze ibyaha, yateguye umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi cyangwa ngo ateze igihugu umutekano muke. Icyakora yafungiwe imyaka myinshi, atandukanywa n’ubuzima bwa politiki.

    Ese Jeanne yari umusazi cyangwa yarahohotewe n’amateka?

    Uyu munsi, amateka akomeje gusubirwamo n’abashakashatsi benshi. Hari abemeza ko Jeanne ashobora kuba yarabaye igitambo cy’amarushanwa y’ubutegetsi kurusha uko yari umurwayi wo mu mutwe.

    Inkuru ye itwibutsa ko amateka akunze kwandikwa n’abatsinze, kandi ko rimwe na rimwe amazina abantu bahabwa ashobora kudahuza n’ukuri kw’ibyababayeho.

    Nubwo amateka yamwise “Jeanne la Folle” cyangwa “Jeanne Umusazi”, hari impamvu zituma benshi batekereza ko yari umugore wakunze byimazeyo, akababara bikomeye, hanyuma politiki ikamuhindura uwo atari we.

    Inkuru ya Jeanne ikomeza kwibutsa ko rimwe na rimwe ukuri kwihishe inyuma y’ibivugwa n’amateka kurushaho gushimisha kandi kukababaza kurusha imigani yamwamamaje.