Source : https://yegob.rw/slay-queen-yarwanye-numugore-wubatse-bapfa-umugabo-karahavavideo/
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Amateka ya Johannes Gutenberg wahinduye amateka yo gucapa no gusoma ku isi #rwanda #RwOT
Johannes Gutenberg, umugabo wahinduye amateka yo gucapa no gusoma ku isi ariko 'igice kinini cy'ubuzima bwe bw'ibanze kikaba ari amayobera' ndetse n'aho yashyinguwe hagasibangana.
Umujyi wa Mainz wo mu Budage uzwiho kugira za katedrali nyinshi, imivinyu myiza, no kuba ari iwabo wa Johannes Gutenberg wakoze icapiro rya mbere rishobora kwimurwa i Burayi.
Igihe yavukiye ntabwo kizwi neza, icyo bashyizeho ni ikigereranyo ko yavutse mu 1400 ariko igihe yapfiriye kirazwi, ni ku itariki nk'iyi ya 3 Gashyantare 1468, ubu hashize imyaka 554.
Nubwo Abashinwa kuva mu binyejana byinshi mbere ye bakoreshaga icapiro ry'ibiti ritimurwa, ndetse bacapye igitabo cyose mu mwaka wa 868, cyatowe mu buvumo mu burengerazuba bw'Ubushinwa, ubu buryo bushya bwari bunoze kandi bwihuse bwo gucapa inyandiko zikavamo nyinshi kandi vuba ni Gutenberg wabuzanye.
Imashini yakoze nizo zahinduye ibintu muri siyanse, ibinyamakuru, ibitabo,abantu benshi batangira kwiga gusoma, havuka n'amadini yiyomoye kuri kiliziya gatolika yari rukumbi.
Gusa nanone ibyo ntiyari kubigeraho iyo hataba harabayeho ubundi buvumbuzi mbere, nabwo bukomeye cyane ariko kenshi bwirengagizwa; urupapuro.
Urupapuro narwo ni ubundi buvumbuzi bw'abashinwa bwo mu myaka irenga 2,000 ishize. Mbere na mbere barukoze bagamije kurutwaramo ibintu by'agaciro, ariko abantu baje gutangira kurwandikaho kuko rwari rutaremereye nk'umugano kandi ruhendutse kurusha silk/soie.
Nyuma abarabu bararwakiriye, ariko abakristu Iburayi ntibarwakira, mu binyejana byinshi bakomeje gukoresha ibice by'uruhu rutunganyije, byari binahenze.
Nka bibiliya yanditse ku bice by'uruhu yandikagwa ku mpu z'intama 250 â” ariko kuko abantu bacye ari bo bari bazi gusoma cyangwa kwandika, ntacyo byari bivuze cyane.
Impapuro za mbere zageze mu Budage mu myaka micyeya ibarirwa muri mirongo mbere y'uko Gutenberg akora iriya mashini ye icapa.
Gutenberg, ashobora kuba yarabonye uburyo kiliziya ikeneye kuvugurura uburyo bwo gutubura inyandiko zabo, ibyakorwaga n'abakozi bayo bandikisha intoki, akazi kagenda buhoro kandi gasaba abakozi benshi; ntibyari bigishoboka guhaza isoko ry'abakeneye ibitabo icyo gihe.
Mu gitabo cye, Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age, Dr Bill Kovarik wo muri kaminuza ya Radford muri Amerika avuga ko umukozi umwe wiriwe yandikisha ibaba na wino yarangizaga urupapuro rumwe, naho imashini ya Gutenberg yakubye inshuro 200 akazi k'umukozi umwe wiriwe yandikisha intoki.
Ibitabo bya mbere yacapye ni Bibiliya hagati ya 150 na 180, muri zo 48 nizo ubu zikiri ku isi. Mu nzu ndangamurage yamwitiriwe mu mujyi wa Mainz hariyo ebyiri zihamurikwa. Bibiliya za Gutenberg zaraguzwe cyane icyo gihe.
Gucapa Bibiliya n'izindi nyandiko za kiliziya byayifashije gukwirakwiza ubutumwa bwayo binayiha amafaranga menshi icuruza impapuro yise 'indulugensiya' â” zariho inyandiko za kiliziya bavuga ko zikiza ibyaha.
Kiliziya yahembye Gutenberg imari nini mu biceri by'izahabu n'ifeza, leta imukuriraho imisoro inategeka ko azajya agemurirwa ingano runaka y'ibiribwa na litiro zibarirwa mu bihumbi z'imivinyu buri mwaka.
Izi mashini zicapa vuba vuba zahise zihindura ibintu. Kugeza mu 1470, buri mujyi w'i Burayi wari ufite kompanyi z'amacapiro, naho mu myaka ya 1500 ibitabo bibarirwa muri za miliyoni byari bimaze gucapwa no kugurishwa.
Ibyo byatumye habaho kumenyekana kw'ibitekerezo bishya, nk'ibya Martin Luther mu gitabo yise 95 Theses cyanengaga icuruzwa ry'indulugensiya gukorwa na kiliziya.
Mu 1517 kopi zirenga 300,000 z'igitabo cye zari zimaze gucapwa no kugurwa, ibyo byaganishije ku mpinduka zikomeye muri kiliziya no gucikamo ibice kwayo nyuma y'imyaka agahishyi ari yo iriho gusa, havuka andi madini.
Tugarutse kuri Getenberg, nubwo imashini ye yahinduye bikomeye iby'inyandiko n'ibitabo no gusoma ku isi, byinshi kuri uyu mugabo biracyari amayobera, nk'uko umunyamateka John Lienhard yabyanditse.
Amaze gupfa â” mu buryo butazwi neza â” yashyinguwe mu kiliziya nk'umwe mu bantu bakomeye ba kiliziya ariko iyo kiliziya yaje gusenywa ndetse n'aho yahoze ubu hari umuhanda.
Ubwo cyatangiraga, ikinyamakuru The Daily Courant cyandikaga gusa amakuru yo mu mahanga. Iyi ni nimero yacyo ya kabiri
Nubwo mu mujyi wa Mainz henshi hari amashusho yamwitiriwe, nta muntu uzi uko yasaga. Kenshi agaragazwa nk'umugabo w'ubwanwa burebure, ariko birashoboka ko ntabwo yagiraga nk'uko abahanga mu mateka babivuga. Mu gihe cye Gutenberg yari mu rwego rw'abakire b'abasirimu, ab'i Mainz bavuga ko icyo gihe abatemberezi n'Abayahudi ari bo gusa bagiraga ubwanwa.
Umugabo kandi twese twumvise nka Johannes Gutenberg izina rye nyaryo ni Johannes Gensfleisch (bivuze inyama y'inkware). Ariko mu kinyejana cya 14 abantu benshi bahinduraga amazina yabo bakiyitirira inzu zabo, nawe yiyita Gutenberg.
BBC
The post Amateka ya Johannes Gutenberg wahinduye amateka yo gucapa no gusoma ku isi appeared first on IRIBA NEWS.
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Charly na Nina bemeje ko basubiranye nyuma y… – #rwanda #RwOT
Aba bakobwa bagize igikundiro cyidasanzwe mu muziki w'u Rwanda. Ku mugoroba w'uyu wa Gatatu tariki 2 Gashyantare 2022, banditse kuri konti yabo ya Instagam bavuga ko bari bakumbuye abafana babo.
Bati 'Muraho! Hari hashize igihe, twari tubakumbuye, twizere ko namwe ari uko!!!!”
Ku wa 27 Mutarama 2022, INYARWANDA yatangaje 'bwa mbere' ko Charly na Nina basoje gukora indirimbo eshanu zigize Extended Play (EP) yabo ya mbere bagiye guheraho bagaruka mu muziki.
Izi ndirimbo bazishyuye miliyoni 2.5 Frw zikozwe na Producer Element muri Country Records. Mu minsi iri imbere barafata amashusho y'imwe mu ndirimbo ziri kuri iyi EP baririmbye mu rurimi rw'Igifaransa.
Nyuma, abategura iserukiramuro rya Amani Festival ribera i Goma muri Repubulika Iharanira Demukarasi ya Kongo bagaragaje urutonde rw'abahanzi bazaririmba muri iri serukiramuco barimo Rulinda Charlotte (Charly) na Muhoza Nina [Nina].  Â
Amani Festival izaba hagati ya tariki 04 na tariki 06 Gashyantare 2022, Charly na Nina bazaririmba mu gusoza iri serukiramuco bazarihuriramo n'abarimo Mahombi wo muri RDC, Alesh, Roga Roga n'abandi.
Kuva mu mpera z'icyumweru gishize nibwo ku mbuga nkoranyambaga hatangiye gusakara amakuru avuga ko Charly na Nina bagiye kugaruka mu muziki.
Kuva aba bakobwa bahagarika imikoranire, Nina ni we wagaragaye mu bikorwa by'umuziki aho muri Nyakanga 2021 yaririmbye wenyine mu ruhererekane rw'ibitaramo byari byateguwe n'Urwego rw'Umuvunyi mu bukangurambaga bwo kurwanya ruswa n'akarengane.
Icyo gihe Nina yahawe akazi wenyine nyuma y'uko Charly avuze ko atiteguye kugaruka mu muziki vuba.
Yaba Charly cyangwa Nina ntawigeze na rimwe avuga ku itandukana ryabo. Gusa, gucika intege nyuma y'uko batandukanye na Muyoboke Alex biri muri bimwe abantu bavuga ko byatumye aba bakobwa batandukana.
Iri ni ryo tsinda ry'abakobwa ryabayeho mu Rwanda rikagira igikundiro cyihariye. Bari kumwe na Muyoboke bakoze indirimbo zabaguriye ubwamamare nka 'Indoro' bakoranye na Big Fizzo, 'I Do' na Bebe Cool wo muri Uganda, 'Owooma' na Geosteady n'izindi.
Mu Ukwakira 2020, Muyoboke Alex yabwiye Kiss Fm adaciye ku ruhande ko mu bahanzi bose yarebereye inyungu uwo yakwishimira cyane kongera gukorana nawe ari Charly na Nina.
Ati 'â¦Mvugishije ukuri urabizi ko ntajya mbeshya, nakorana na Charly na Nina. Kuko ibitekerezo nari mfite hari urwego bagezeho abandi bahanzi twakoranye batagezeho, nari mfite umushinga utari imyaka ibiri, itatu cyangwa itanu. Twari twararenze urwego rw'igihugu tugeze mu Karere n'ahandi batangiye kutumenya,'Â
Inkuru bifitanye isano: Charly&Nina bagarutse mu muziki, basoje gukora EP y'indirimbo eshanu
Charly&Nina bafashwe amashusho bemeza ko bazitabira Amani Festival, bateguza abakunzi babo kutazacikwaÂ
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Rulinda Charlotte (Charly) na Muhoza Nina [Nina] batangaje ko bagarutse mu muziki bidasubirwaho   Â
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Charly na Nina batumiwe mu gitaramo gisoza iserukiramuco rya Amani ribera muri RDC
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RIB yamuritse impuzankano yayo – #rwanda #RwOT
Ni ubwa mbere mu gihe RIB imaze, igiye kugira impuzankano yihariye iranga abakozi bayo.
Impuzankano nshya za RIB ziri mu byiciro bibiri; hari izo mu biro n'izo mu kazi hanze y'ibiro.
Imyambaro yo mu kazi igizwe n'umupira w'ubururu w'amaboko magufi n'ijile iriho izina rya nyirayo ku ruhande rw'iburyo na nimero imuranga ibumoso ndetse n'ipantalo ijya gusa n'ivu n'inkweto z'umukara.
Impuzankano yagenewe ibirori n'abakozi bo mu biro igizwe n'ikote ry'umukara, ishati y'ikijuju na karuvati y'umukara iriho ikirango cya RIB ndetse n'inkweto z'umukara.
Ikote ririho amazina y'umugenzacyaha ku ruhande rw'iburyo mu gituza mu gihe ipantalo cyangwa ijipo nabyo ari umukara.
Umuvugizi wa RIB, Dr. Murangira B. Thierry, yabwiye IGIHE ko impamvu y'iyi mpuzankano, ari ukorohereza abaturage kumenya Abagenzacyaha no kubaha serivisi.
Ati 'Impamvu ni ukugumya kunoza imikorere n'imitangire ya serivisi z'ubugenzacyaha kugira ngo abagana RIB babashe gutandukanya abagenzacyaha n'abandi bantu. Ibi ni mu rwego rwo kunoza imitangire ya serivisi.'
Ibi kandi bizafasha abaturage gutandukanya abakozi ba RIB n'abatari abayo. Nubwo hashyizweho impuzankano, birashoboka ko umukozi wa RIB yajya mu kazi atayambaye.
Dr Murangira yavuze ko mu gihe umukozi wa RIB atambaye umwenda umuranga bitewe n'akazi, yerekana ikarita.
IGIHE yifuje kumenya niba kwambara imyenda kw'abakozi ba RIB, bitazorohereza abakekwaho ibyaha kuba batoroka cyangwa bakihisha Abagenzacyaha, Dr Murangira asobanura ko nta mpungenge zihari.
Ati 'Gufatwa k'ukekwaho icyaha bigira uburyo bwemewe n'amategeko bikorwamo. Uwihisha na we agira uburyo ashakwamo kandi agafatwa. Nta mpungenge biduteye kuko hari uburyo bwinshi bunyuranye kandi bwemewe n'Amategeko RIB ikoresha mu gutahura ibyaha, gufata no gufunga abakekwaho kugira uruhare muri byo.'
Ntabwo higeze hatangazwa ingengo y'imari yakoreshejwe mu gukora iyi mpuzankano.
Itegeko ribemerera gukoresha imbunda
Amategeko yemerera Umugenzacyaha kuba yakoresha cyangwa akitwaza imbunda mu gihe biri ngombwa.
Bigaragara mu ngingo ya 10 mu gika cyayo cya 11 cy'itegeko rishyiraho RIB, byose bigamije kugira ngo urwo rwego rubashe kuzuza inshingano rwahawe.
Dr Murangira ati 'Muri ubwo bubasha Umugenzacyaha ahabwa n'itegeko harimo gukoresha imbunda igihe cyose biri ngombwa. Itegeko ryongeraho ko usibye n'imbunda, Umugenzacyaha yemerewe n'ibindi bikoresho by'umutekano bya ngombwa mu gushyira mu bikorwa inshingano z'Urwego kandi Abagenzacyaha baba barahuguwe kuzikoresha.'
Ihame ry'Uburinganire rirubahirizwa muri RIB
Kuri ubu RIB ifite abakozi 1.279 bavuye kuri 869 yatangiranye. Iteka rishyiraho imbonerahamwe y'imyanya y'imirimo ya RIB, riteganya ko urwo rwego rugira abakozi bagera ku 1.579.
Dr. Murangira yagize ati 'Ihame ry'uburinganire riri mu byitaweho mu ishyirwa mu myanya ry'abakozi ba RIB, kuko kuri ubu abakozi b'igitsinagore bageze kuri 27% kandi bari no mu myanya ifata ibyemezo naho ab'igitsinagabo ni 73%. RIB izakomeza kongera umubare w'abagenzacyaha hubahirizwa ihame ry'uburinganire.'
Yongeyeho ati 'Uyu ni Umwanya mwiza wo gushishikariza abakobwa kwitabira kujya mu kazi k'ubugenzacyaha.'
RIB yatangaje ko biteze ko ab'igitsinagore bazava kuri 27% bakarenga 30% by'abakozi bose.
Ku mpuzankano yo hanze y'ibiro igizwe n'umupira w'ubururu w'amaboko magufi n'ijile iriho izina rya nyirayo ku ruhande rw'iburyo na nimero imuranga ibumoso ndetse n'ipantalo ijya gusa n'ivu, n'inkweto z'umukara
Byitezwe ko iyi mpuzankano izajya yorohereza abaturage kumenya byihuse abakozi ba RIB mu kazi
Abakozi ba RIB n’Abagenzacyaha ni uko bazajya bambara mu kazi ko hanze y’ibiro
Impuzankano yo hanze y’ibiro iriho ibirango bya RIB mu nyuguti nini
Buri jile handitseho izina rya nyirayo
Impuzankano zigizwe n’imipira y’ubururu n’amapantalo ajya gusa nk’umukara w’ivu ni yo azajya yambarwa n’abakozi ba RIB hanze y’ibiro bari mu kazi
Abagabo ni uko bazajya bambara mu gihe bari mu biro
Izi mpuzankano zibereye ijisho
Abakozi ba RIB mu mwambaro w'akazi mushya wagenewe kwambarwa mu biro
Inkweto z’umukara ziteye gutya ni zo zizajya zambarwa kuri iyi mpuzankanoSource : http://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/rib-yamuritse-impuzankano-yayo
